Westward Migration andWestward Migration andits Implications, 1815-1830its Implications, 1815-1830

Libertyville HSLibertyville HS

New StatesNew States

• Three states entered union, 1791-1800

• Two states entered union, 1801-1814

• Six states entered union, 1815-1830

• 1790 US Population– 3,893,635 (see 1790 census)

• 1830 US population– 12,858,670 (see 1830 census pg 46)

Frontier CycleFrontier Cycle• Who came West?

– Fur traders (trade ended by 1850)

– Ranchers (esp. in TX, in 1840s)

– Pioneer farmers (1830s)

– Miners (after 1840s)Established routes used by settlers

Indian-American Relations: Indian-American Relations: Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers

• Federal government, NOT states, set policy– Precedent: Proclamation line of

1763

• Battle of Fallen Timbers (OH), 1794– Struggle for control of NW

Territory

– Battle: • Prep. of Gen. Wayne (Legion)• British closed gates on NA

– Led to Treaty of Greenville (1795) – NA gave up OH

Indian-American Relations: Indian-American Relations: Tecumseh’s WarTecumseh’s War

• Battle of Tippecanoe Creek (IN, 1811)– Tecumseh (Shawnee) –

resisted US expansion– The Prophet (T’s brother):

reject American ways!– Governor (and general)

William Harrison – grabbing land for US settlers from NA

– Alarmed, T sought Indian Confederation in S (FL)

– Harrison attacked “Prophetown” b/c of NA attacks (P-town at T-canoe)Battle of the Thames (Canada,

1813 – part of War of 1812)Tecumseh killedConfederacy fell apart

Indian-American Relations: Indian-American Relations: Southern AmericaSouthern America

• Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL, 1814)– Creek Indians (“Red

Sticks”) vs. US, led by General Andrew Jackson

• President Jackson had strong feelings against native Americans– Indian Removal Act of

1830 & Cherokee “The Trail of Tears”

Indian-American RelationsIndian-American Relations• The Cherokee Struggle

– Five nations were “civilized” (Americanized) tribes – didn’t matter

– Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)• GA passed laws essentially stripping Cherokees of

their rights under state law, seized their land• USSC: no jurisdiction b/c Cherokee were not

independent nations but “domestic dependent nations”

– Worchester v. State of GA (1832)• Worchester an American missionary• USSC: States had no power over Indian tribes • Jackson: “Marshall has made his decision: now let

him enforce it!”• State removal efforts continued

– Cherokees removed from land to OK, 1838

John Ross, electedChief of CherokeeNation

Indian-American RelationsIndian-American Relations• Black Hawk War (IL,

1832)– Indians forced west,

across Mississippi– Some, under Black

Hawk, returned to traditional homes in IL

– Militia, US army turned out, hunted them down with “climatic” fight at Bad Axe

Indian-American RelationsIndian-American Relations• Second Seminole War

(FL, 1835-42)– Most expensive Indian war– Longest conflict, from

Revolution to Vietnam– Issue: Removal

• Most Seminoles fought removal from res to OK

• Disappeared into FL swamps to fight guerrilla war

– Eventually, remaining Seminoles settled in res in S. FL

1823 reservation

1842 Reservation

Legacy of Indian-American Legacy of Indian-American RelationsRelations

Displacement

Removal

Exclusion from American

Democracy