westward to the pacific a. the four nations laying claim to the oregon country were the united...
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Westward to the Pacific
A. The four nations laying claim to the Oregon country were the United States, Great Britain, Spain and _________.
I. Rivalry in the Northwest
B. Americans wanted control for the land’s access to the ______________ to build trade.
i. The Spanish gave up its claim to Oregon in the ____________________.ii. Russia gave up its claim in ________.iii. John Quincy Adams worked out an agreement with Britain for __________________ of the area.
Russia
Pacific Ocean
Adams-Onis Treaty1824
Joint occupation
C. Employed by fur companies in the East, __________________ explored the mountains, valleys, and trails of the West.
mountain men
II. Settling Oregon
A. Among the first settlers were _____________ who wanted to bring Christianity to the Native Americans.
missionaries
i. Settlers in the Whitman mission unknowingly brought ________, which killed many Native American children.
ii. The _________blamed the Whitmans and attacked the mission.
measles
cayuse
B. Many pioneers took the ______________to reach Oregon country.
OregonTrail
C. John O’Sullivan declared it was America’s ________________ to extend its boundaries to the Pacific.
D. The slogan “________________” referred to the line of latitude the Democrats believed should be the nation’s northern border in Oregon.
Manifest Destiny
54 - 40 or fight!
E. A compromise between the American and the British portions of Oregon was reached in 1846, setting the northern boundary at ______________________ latitude. Forty-nine degrees north
A. (Early 1800s) Texas originally part of the _________ colony of _______.
III. Texas Independence
Spanish Mexico
1. Mexico gains independence.a. (1821) Allows American __________________ to lead settlers into Texas.
StephenAustin
* _____families settle initially.* Many brought their ______.
(although slavery was banned in Texas under Mexican law)
b. By 1830 Americans outnumbered Mexicans
• Mexico ordered a ________ to stop immigration.
300slaves
decree
B. (1833) Mexican General ______________________came to power.* Ruled as military __________.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
dictatorMexican President Santa Anna
C. (1835) Initial conflict at Gonzales* Mexicans forced to withdraw
D. (Late 1835) Texans storm and take _________.1. Santa Anna determined to stop rebellion, and marched north.
San Antonio
2. (Feb. 1836) Americans take a stand at ___________* Supplies low (food, water,
ammunition, medicine)
The Alamo
a. ______________ Commanderb. _____________ and __________
* Famous frontiersmen
William Travis
Jim Bowie Davy Crockett
3. Mexicans capture Alamo and survivors executed
William Travis
Jim Bowie
Former Tennessee Senator Davy Crockett
4. Battle of San Jacinto* American revenge
“____________________!”Remember the Alamo
5. Santa Anna captured – forced to give Texas independence.
2. ___________ - commander of the army, becomes president.
E. 1836 - ________________ formed1. Declares independence
Republic of Texas
Sam Houston
3. Nicknamed ________________Lone Star Republic
Sam Houston, President
Republic of Texas Flag of the Republic of Texas
F. U.S. indecision about ___________ of Texas or not.
annexation
•Issue of __________.
•(Congressional approval given and Texas becomes a state in February 1846).
slavery
IV. War With MexicoA. (1840s) New Mexico
Territory – entire Southwest region.
* Included present-day: ______________, ______________, all of _____________ and ____________ and parts of ___________.
* Spanish built ________ as the capital.
New MexicoArizona
NevadaUtahColorado
Santa Fe
•(1821) William Bucknell (merchant and adventurer) created the route later known as the ________________.Santa Fe Trail
• California Missions along El Camino Reala. Early location known as ___________.b. Local ____________________
worked for missions.* Missions described as “Large ____________ and ___________ establishments.”* Learned the _________ religion.
1. (1840s) Both _______________ and _______________ Territory belonged to Mexico.
CaliforniaNew Mexico
San DiegoNative Americans
farming grazing
Christian
2. __________________ was the term that described America’s right and duty to expand to the Pacific.
3. (1844) ___________
Democratic president,favored expansion andoffered to buy Californiaand New Mexico fromMexico but they
refused.
Manifest Destiny
James K. Polk
11th President of the United States, James K. Polk
B. War with Mexico1. Annexing Texas
a. (1845) Texas admitted to the Union* Mexicans were furious * Never accepted independence
b. Disputes over which river formed Mexican border.
• U.S. believed ____________ was southern border
• Mexico believed the _______ (farther north)
Rio Grande
Nueces
c. President ________ offered to pay $30 million for _____________________.
* However, Mexico refused
2. War Beginsa. (Jan. 1846) General _____________ was
sent to protect the disputed area.
b. (April 1846) ____________ crossed the Rio Grande• Fighting occurs
– losses for both
PolkCalifornia & New Mexico
Zachary Taylor
Mexicans
c. At President Polk’s urging _________ declared war with Mexico.Mexico.
d. Sectional division over war• South and West South and West – eager to fight
* ___________ opposed
feared additional slave states.
* Congressman ____________
was skeptical.
Congress
Northerners
Abe Lincoln
3. Mexican War* American Strategy – fight on several fronts
1. General ___________Wins many early battles.
2. General _____________Captured ____________and easily held control of San Diego in southern California.
Gen. Zachary Taylor pictured on a white horse at the Battle of Buena Vista during the Mexican-American War; coloured engraving, 19th century.
Zachary Taylor
Stephen KearnySanta Fe
3. ___________ rebels and declares itself the ________________.
* John C. Fremont – U.S. army drives Mexican troops from California.
4. _____________ (Mexican capital) taken by General Scott.
California
Bear Flag Republic
Mexico City
4. (1848) Treaty of __________________-Mexico cedes all of California & New Mexico.* Gave up claims to Texas and established Rio Grande as border.
5. (1853)_______________1. Southern strip of land (AZ, NM) * Needed for railroad
*$10 million purchase
Guadalupe Hidalgo
Gadsden Purchase
2. Completes Manifest Destiny
V. New Settlers in California and Utah
A. California Gold Rush1. (1848) ____________
discovers gold at _______________ near Sacramento, California.
2. People in the U.S. and abroad caught “gold fever” and journeyed to California.
Discovery of a few flakes of gold on January 24, 1848 started the CA gold rush.
James Marshall
Sutter’s Mill
3. Many migrated in 1849 – became known as _____________.4. Few struck it rich, but many stayed in _____________.
5. Communities called _____________ grew up overnight.
6. Without a government, _________ took the law into their own hands.
Forty-niners
California
7. (1850) California admitted as a _________.
boomtowns
vigilantes
free state
B. California’s Unique Culture1. Minority rights ignored
a. Many _________ Americans lost family lands.
b. Many ________________ were driven off their lands or died
of __________ or _________.
c. Discrimination against _________________ existed for decades.
d. _________________ had economic success, but many were denied legal rights.
Mexican
Native Americans
starvation disease
Chinese Americans
African Americans
C. The Mormons1. Belong to the _______________________________________.
* Founded by ______________
* (1844) Smith killed and ___________
became the new leader.
2. Fearing their safety, and wanting to raise their children in a community with the same religious beliefs, they decide to leave Illinois.
Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day SaintsJoseph Smith
Brigham Young
Joseph Smith – Founder of the Mormon Church.
4. Capital of ______________ is built in this desert region.
3. 1840s – Many migrate from Illinois to the ____________________ in Utah.* (1847) Brigham Young arrives with advance party and others follow.
Great Salt Lake Valley
Salt Lake City
5. (1850) Brigham Young becomes governor of ______________.Utah Territory
Brigham Young