wetland restoration study in...
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Institute of Wetland Research, CAF
Wetland Restoration Study in China
Institute of Wetland Research, CAF
Contents
Characteristics of wetlands and its threatens in China National policies and plans related to wetland restoration Wetland Restoration Study: Habitat Function Restoration of the Sand Mining Area of Yanqin County, Beijng
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Characteristics of wetlands in China Abundant types ■ All the types of wetlands in Ramsar Convention
can be found in China Large area ■ Total area of 38.4855 million ha (each larger than
100 ha) ■ First in Asia, forth in the world
Extensive distribution■ Cold temperate to tropical ■ Coastal to inland ■ Plain-plateau and mountain area
Many types are located in one region and one type of wetland is distributed in different regions
Plain and plateau Coastal-inland
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Characteristics of wetlands in China Rich in Biodiversity ■ Higher wetland plant: 225 families, 815 genus, 2276 species ■ Wild wetland animal: 25 orders, 68 families , 724 species
• Among the 57 endangered bird species in Asia, there are 31 are found in China, accounting for 54%
• Among the 15 crane species in the world, 9 are recorded in China, accounting for 60%
• Among the 166 anatidae species in the world, 50 species are found in China, accounting for 30%
Species sort quantity of the nation
Wild plant moss 267 12.7
fern 70 2.7
gymnosperm 20 8
angiosperm 1919 76.8
Wild animal
Fish 1050 27.19
beast 31 5.9
bird 271 20.9
Reptile 122 32.3
Amphibians 300 99.3
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Threatens on wetland in China Natural factors ■ Climate change
■ Natural disaster
Drought……
Earthquake, debris flow etc.……
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Threatens on wetland in China Human factors ■ Development of society, growth of population, increasing
demand for resource • pollution • appropriation • excessive utilization
■ Lack of public awareness, ■ inadequate wetland management and institutional
capacity building
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A series of ecological problems caused by Wetland degradation
It is estimated that 87% of the Sanjiang plain wetland has disappeared since 1950’s. 8.7 billion m3 surface water lost
(Zhang, 2006)
Changes of marsh wetlands
1950s 2000s
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A series of ecological problems caused by Wetland degradation
Change of mangrove wetland
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Contents
Threatens on wetland in China National policies and plans related to wetland restoration Wetland Restoration Study: Habitat Function Restoration of the Sand Mining Area of Yanqin County, Beijng
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National policies and planning related to wetland restoration
Action Plan for China's Wetland Protection(2000-2020) ■ Guidance of “positive protection, scientific restoration,
reasonable utilization, sustainable development” was established.
■ By 2020, different degree of restoration on degraded wetland will be completed, a set of important wetland resource will be restored effectively.
■ Wetland restoration as the main protection action was proposed
• Degraded wetland ecosystem restoration and reestablishment research and demonstration ( project 8)
• Wetland restoration and reestablishment of lower and middle reaches of Yangtze river projection 21
National master plan for wildlife and habitat conservation ■ It was warranted in 2001 though National Planning Commission ■ Protection of natural wetlands and rely mainly on
biological measures
Institute of Wetland Research, CAF
National policies and planning related to wetland restoration
In June 2004, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Protection and Management of Wetlands", this was the first policy statement made by the Chinese Central Government on the protection of wetlands, indicating that wetland protection has been put on the national agenda ■ Wetland restoration has an important strategic position in the wetland
protection ■ Chinese strategic aim of wetlands protection is the overall maintenance
of wetland ecosystems and the ecological characteristics of the basic functions, reverse the trend of degradation and shrinkage of wetland. Implementation of key ecological restoration of degraded wetlands areas, restore the natural ecological functions of wetlands designedly.
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National policies and planning related to wetland restoration
In September 2003, the State Council gave a principled written reply regarding the "National Wetland Protection Engineering Project" (2002-2030), outlining the grand objective for wetland protection ■ By 2030 complete ecological restoration 140 104 ha
establish 53 wetland conservation and rational use of national demonstration areas, wetland ecosystem functions and benefits are fully realized, and fulfill the sustainable utilization of wetland resource.
National wetland protection project implementation plan(2005-2010) ■ Including 4 priority projects on (1)wetland protection,
(2)restoration, (3)sustainable utilization demonstration and (4) capacity building
■ Up to 2009, the central government invested 11 billion yuan actually to carry out the construction of more than 100 demonstration projects.
National wetland protection project implementation plan(2011-2015)
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Contents
Characteristics of wetlands and its threatens in China National policies and plans related to wetland restoration Wetland Restoration Study: Habitat Function Restoration of the Sand Mining Area of Yanqin County, Beijng
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1.Location
Location and scope of the project area 9 miles to the west of Yanqin County of Beijing Project area of 56 ha
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2.Risk analysis
Site selection ■ Recommended by Beijing Forestry Bureau of Parks & Yanqin Forestry
Bureau.
Confirmation of land ownership
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3.Basic ecological conditions of the project area
Yanqing County, with the average temperature of 8 degrees. Annual precipitation is 493 mm with large annual variation (274mm-747.1mm). Temperate continental monsoon climate.
Gravel soil quality, poor water-retention capacity . Human activities such as dredging, severely damaged the native vegetation, sandy soil quality and low organic matter content make it a typical degraded wetland, and have demonstration value as a wetland restoration pilot site.
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3.Basic ecological conditions of the project area
Native plant communities are mainly reed, sedge communities, cattail community, Nymphoides communities, land tree species are Populus, Salix, Ulmus and other trees. Human activities such as sand slash severely damaged the vegetation, with small part of the original vegetation remained
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Remaining wetland vegetation
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Land cover status
Bare soil
Sand mining slash
Wetland vegetation
Open water
Terrestrial vegetation
Agricultural land
Total
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Hydrological conditions
This wetland consists of a group of water bodies of different sizes, which do not connect together , water supply is mainly from natural precipitation and underground side seepage from reservoir
Water system status
Feasible
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4. Analysis
Problem analysis Potential risk analysis Status analysis Feasibility : water, soil, human disturbance
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4. Analysis
■ Artificial promotion and the ecological self-restoration • Habitat transformation, self-design, mainly select native species
■ From nature, beyond nature • Function optimization, landscaping, assisting update
■ Be suitable for local conditions, cost savings • Abide by the natural conditions, water storage, adaptive management
Be ecological, natural and economical
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4. Analysis
Water system adjustment Base repairing Bank strengthening vegetation reconstruction adaptive management
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4. Analysis
The overall objective of restoration :1, Normal ecological functions of wetlands; 2, Symbolic function selection (water bird habitat); 3,A reflection of biodiversity
Target ecosystems: 1, Plants (artificial promotion) + Animals (natural recovery) 2, Shrubs (Artificial) - Herbal (Natural) Wetland 3, Simulation of natural wetlands succession process in this area
Achieve functional restoration through structure restoration
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Hydrological Connection
Techniques content ■ Small water surface enlarging ■ Small water surface connection ■ Partial deep digging ■ Partial backwater
5.Restoration Techniques
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5.Restoration Techniques
Micro-terrain reshaping
Content Shallow wetlands construction Small water surface consolidation Habitat island creation
Applications Topography transformation of degraded wetlands
Shoal wetland Construction
Small water surface regulation
Habitat island creation
Application of micro-terrain reshaping Techniques
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Content Layered backfill Planting pit backfill Planting tank backfill
Applications Degraded wetlands with poor soil or lack of loamy soil.
Matrix(soil) restoration
1. Layered backfill Techniques 2. Planting pit backfill Techniques
3.Planting tank backfill Techniques
Application of Matrix(Soil) restoration Techniques
5.Restoration Techniques
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Wetland vegetation restoration
Contents Applications
Mainly used in degraded wetlands with low vegetation coverage or none vegetation area.
Small water surface vegetation restoration Large water surface vegetation restoration Restoration for vegetation exposed from beach in normal water level Restoration for vegetation below Normal water level
Waterfront vegetation restoration Buffer zone vegetation restoration slope protection vegetation restoration
5.Restoration Techniques
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Wetland vegetation planting Techniques
1. Small water surface 2.Large water surface 3. exposed beach upon the Normal water level
4. below Normal water level
4. Waterfront 5. Buffer zone 6. slope protection
Restoration Techniques
Bird food Bird hiding Bird nest
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Bank slope protection
Technical contents ■ Stakes slope protection Techniques ■ Rock slope protection Techniques ■ Eco bags slope protection Techniques ■ Ecological concrete slope protection
Techniques Applications ■ Mainly used in the banks which would
be easily collapsed and impacted by water
Rock-protection
Stakes-protection
Eco-bags slope protection
Restoration Techniques
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6.Monitoring
After the basic completion of restoration project, certain signs points should be set according to the monitoring requirements to regularly collect water samples and soil samples, and to monitor the effectiveness of restoration project implementation; Set a number of plots, to observe the biological diversity of wetlands, plant growth, the number of animals (including soil fauna), plant water use data, and to assess the ecological functions of vegetation. Use the removable weather station to observe the specific periods of meteorological data (including precipitation and wetland water level changes).
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7.Assessments
Through the investigation of soil organic matter content in the recovery area and the contrast area in 2011, the soil organic matter content of 0-10cm is higher than that in the control area.
Depth (cm) Types Sample plots
1 2 3 4 5 6
Surface soil Contrast area* 12.85 12.73 12.12 12.84 12.47 12.82
Recovery area 13.12 13.16 13.26 13.07 13.17 13.28
0 10 Contrast area* 12.94 12.70 12.24 12.73 12.96 12.59
Recovery area 13.16 12.84 12.81 13.05 13.30 13.21
10 20 Contrast area* 13.04 12.08 12.60 12.91 13.10 12.98
Recovery area 13.04 12.87 12.63 13.06 13.14 13.28
Soil animal diversity significantly increased after the restoration
Period Samplt plots Shannon Wiener Index
H' Hmax Uniformity index(J') Dominance index D 1/D
Fall
Contrast area 0.588 0.602 0.976 0.253 3.960 Natural wetlands 0.790 1.146 0.690 0.223 4.477 Restoration area 0.718 0.954 0.752 0.218 4.579
Winter
Contrast area / / / / / Natural wetlands 0.391 0.477 0.819 0.393 2.545 Restoration area 0.359 0.602 0.596 0.560 1.786
Soil organic content significantly increased after the restoration
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7.Assessments
Wetland vegetation cover: 3% 69% Water surface area: 5% 26% Plant species: 74 204 (38 kinds of aquatic plants, 90 kinds of wetland plants 90)
The kinds and quantity of wetland birds significantly increased
Chinese name Species name Protection class Before restoration
After restoration
Upupa epops
Streptopelia decaocto
Sturnus cineraceus 2 Emberiza pusilla 2 Ardea cinerea
2 Ardea alba 2 Grus grus Second-class
2 Anas platyrhynchos 2 Tadorna ferruginea
quantity of wetland birds significantly increased
2 Ardea cinerea2 Ardea alba
2 Grus grus Second-class2 Anas platyrhynchos2 Tadorna ferruginea
Vegetation cover ratio species quantity
Before After
Vegetation types and cover significantly increased after the restoration
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8. Adjustment
2007.9 2009.7 2011.5 @ Google
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Land cover change Area ha
2008 2012
Bare soil 15.13 10.22
Sand mining slash 10.70 2.9
Wetland vegetation 1.36 9.8
Open water 10.56 12.05
Terrestrial vegetation 11.26 14.04
Agricultural land 7.01 7.01
Total 56.02
Result
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wetland landscape before and after the restoration.
2008
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wetland landscape before and after the restoration.
2008
2009
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wetland landscape before and after the restoration.
2008
2009 2010
Institute of Wetland Research, CAF
wetland landscape before and after the restoration.
2008
2009 2010
2011
Institute of Wetland Research, CAF
wetland landscape before and after the restoration.
2008
2009 2010
2011
2012
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Discussion
Correctly understand the concept of wetland Scientific concept and classification of wetland
Clarify the goal of wetland restoration, wetland restoration is not simply the restoration of water surface Carefully select method of water supplement , the sustainment of wetland cannot rely on permanent carrying-water supplement The differences between wetland ecosystem restoration and city gardening Wetlands and Forests
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Thanks for your attention!
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