wewf comenius project french preparatoty task 3rd meeting ristiina finland

MIKKELI, 12th-16th MAY 2014 1

1) WHO DOES WATER BELONG TO?

2) WATER QUALITY?

3) WHAT DO WE DRINK?

b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?

a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?



DRINKABLE WATER

PUBLIC SERVICE

An action for the population organized by the government

DISTRIBUTION PURIFICATION

14217 water services 17 228 water services

In France:

36 000 city councils

More than

31 000 water services!!!75% of the city councils

are together.

44% of the city councils

are together.

60,9 million inhabitants 57,3 million inhabitants



A PUBLIC SERVICE

BUT 2 KINDS OF ADMINISTRATIONS

DIRECT ADMINISTRATION DELEGATE ADMINISTRATION

The city council manages by

itself the whole or a part of the

production, the distribution and

the purification of water.

The city council asks a private

company to manage the whole or a

part of the production, the

distribution and the purification of

water, but the city council is very

involved in the decision.

DIRECT

ADMINISTRATION

DELEGATE

ADMINISTRATION

Distribution

services

Number of services 9 809 4 408

Population (in million inhabitants) 24,8 36,1

Purification

services

Number of services 13 320 3 908

Population (in million inhabitants) 33,2 24,1


2) WATER QUALITY?a) HOW DO WE GET DRINKABLE WATER?

Illustration of a typical drinking water treatment process.




Step 1: Coagulation. First, dirt and other particles must be removed from the water.Flocculants are chemicals such as alum (aluminum potassium sulfate) thatcause the dirt and other particles to stick together; flocculants are addedto the water, which creates larger particles called floc.




Step 2: Sedimentation. As the water moves through the sedimentation tanks, the floc particlessettle to the bottom of the tank. The clear water then flows to a filtrationunit.




Step 3: Filtration.Filtration removes small particles from the water by passing it throughlayers of sand, gravel and charcoal. The water then moves to disinfectionbefore storage.




Step 4: Disinfection.Water is disinfected with chlorine or other

chemicals, called disinfectants, to kill anybacteria and other harmful organisms. Theamount of disinfectants added to the waterhas to be carefully adjusted, because toomuch may be harmful to humans, but toolittle will not kill the harmful organisms.




Step 5: Storage.After disinfection, the water is stored in storage tanks until it is needed fordistribution to homes, businesses, and other water users.


2) WATER QUALITY?b) WHAT DO WE DO WITH WASTE WATER?



Step 1: Pumping.Wastewater treatment facilities are usually located on low ground so that gravity willmove sewage from homes to the treatment plant. Usually, pumps are needed to lift thesewage as it enters the treatment facility. The treatment facility uses gravity to move thewastewater through the treatment process.



Step 2 : Bar screen.As it enters the treatment plant, wastewater may contain large items such as plastic bottles,cans, sticks, rocks, and even dead animals. These items are removed by the bar screen andsent to a landfill. If they are not removed, they will damage equipment in the treatmentplant.Step 3 : Grit chamber.After screening, wastewater enters the grit chamber in which larger particles (such as sandor dirt) settle out of the water. Often, the water is aerated (air is bubbled through it) tokeep smaller particles from settling out. Aeration causes some of the gases that aredissolved in the water (e.g. hydrogen sulfide that smells like rotten eggs) to be released.



Step 4 : Sedimentation tank.In the sedimentation tank (also known as the primary clarifier), solids settle to the bottomas sludge and scum floats to the top. The sludge is pumped out of the primary clarifier andsent to the solids processing facility. The scum is composed of lighter materials such asgrease, oil, soap, and so forth. Slow-moving rakes are used to collect the scum from thesurface of the wastewater.



Step 5 : Secondary aeration and clarifier.The wastewater is exposed to air in an aerator,which provides oxygen for microorganisms thathelp break down contaminants in the water.This may be done by spraying the wastewaterinto the air or by bubbling air through thewastewater. The aerated effluent is passed intoa secondary clarifier, which is a large tank orpond; in the clarifier, microorganismsdecompose organic material and absorbnutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Themicroorganisms and remaining solids settle outof the effluent as activated sludge. Most of theactivated sludge is pumped to the solidsprocessing facility, while the remaining sludge ispumped into the wastewater entering theaerator. This introduces additionalmicroorganisms to the wastewater to hasten thebreakdown of organic matter.



Step 6: Filtration.Filtration may be used to further reduce the organic matter in the water. The water isfiltered through a substance, usually sand and rocks. During this filtration process, mostbacteria are removed, turbidity and color in the wastewater are reduced, odors areremoved, the amount of iron content in the wastewater is reduced, and any other solidsthat may have remained in the water are also removed. This water may subsequently befiltered again through a carbon filter such as charcoal to remove organic particles.



Step 7 : Disinfection.To kill remaining harmful bacteria and other pathogens in the processed wastewater,chlorine and other chemicals are added in a disinfection tank. The chlorine can be harmfulif added in excess quantities. (You may have noticed the smell of chlorine or have hadirritated eyes when you were exposed to chlorine in a swimming pool.) Therefore, in somecases, the chlorine must be neutralized with other chemicals after it has killed the bacteriato protect marine organisms



Step 8 : The treated water that is released by the plant is called effluent. The effluent isusually released into a local river or the ocean. In some places, this water may be used forlandscaping (e.g. to water lawns or golf courses), but not for drinking purposes.



Step 9 : Solids processing.Solids include the sludge and scumremoved in the sedimentation tank andthe activated sludge removed from thesecondary clarifier. These solids may beprocessed further in devices calleddigesters, which are heated and enclosedtanks. The solid wastes are kept in thesetanks for 20–30 days to reduce thevolume of the material, reduce odors, andalso destroy any organisms that have thepotential to cause disease. Depending onthe source and composition of thewastewater, the digested solids are eithersent to a landfill or used as fertilizer forcrops. The use of the processed solidwastes as fertilizers is usually done onlyafter careful testing for any potentialdangerous contamination.


3) WHAT DO WE DRINK?

Marque nature Price for 1 litre type

Tap water tap water water: 0,019€

(water+

purification):

0,036€

Plain water

Label 1

BADOIT

An 1 litre bottle 0,85€ Sparkling water

Mineral water from

2 to 3 litres

per day

for a 5 person

family

Label 2

CONTREX

An 1 litre bottle 0,39€ Plain water

Mineral water

Label 3

EVIAN


Mineral water

Label 3

CRISTALLINE


Spring water


Badoit

Country France

Source St. Galmier

Type still/sparkling

pH 6

Calcium (Ca) 190

Chloride (Cl−) 40

Bicarbonate (HCO3) 1300

Fluoride (Fl) 1

Magnesium (Mg) 85

Potassium (K) 10

Silica (SiO2) 35

Sodium (Na) 150

Sulfates (SO) 40

TDS 1200

All values in milligrams per liter (mg/l)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids


Country France

Source Contrexéville

Société Nestlé Waters

Type still

Elements Proportion in mg/L

Calcium (Ca2+) 486

Magnesium (Mg2+) 84

Sodium (Na+) 9,1

Potassium (K+) 3,2

Sulfate (SO42-) 1187

Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3-) 403

Nitrate (NO3-) 2,7

Fluorides 0,33

Chlorides 10

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrex%C3%A9ville

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestl%C3%A9_Waters


Country France

Source Évian-les-Bains

Type still

pH 7.2

Calcium (Ca) 80

Chloride (Cl−) 6.8

Bicarbonate (HCO3) 360

Magnesium (Mg) 26

Nitrate (NO3) 3.7

Potassium (K) 1

Silica (SiO2) 15

Sodium (Na) 6.5

Sulfates (SO) 12.6

Website http://www.evian.com

All values in milligrams per liter (mg/l)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains

http://www.evian.com/


Spring water Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Sophie

Calcium 39 67

Magnesium 25 26

Sodium 19 84

Potassium 1,5 20

Fluorides < 0,3 0.9

Hydrogencarbonates 290 473

Sulfates 5 61

Chloride 4 32

Résidu sec à 180 °C 270 564

pH 7,7 7,4

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiel_hydrog%C3%A8ne


PAGES 2&3 :

adapted from http://www.eaufrance.fr/IMG/pdf/spea2009_201202_synthese.pdfPAGES 4-9 :

By CK-12 Foundation (File:High_School_Engineering.pdf, page 73) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia CommonsPAGES 10-18 :

By CK-12 Foundation (File:High_School_Engineering.pdf, page 75) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

PAGES 20 :

CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Badoit of Wikipédia in English (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badoit).PAGES 21 :

By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Contrex de Wikipédia en anglais (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrex),PAGES 22 :

By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Evian de Wikipédia en anglais (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evian). PAGES 23 :

By CC-BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr) Source : Article Cristaline de Wikipédia en français (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristaline).

http://www.eaufrance.fr/IMG/pdf/spea2009_201202_synthese.pdf

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.fr




http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristaline

wewf comenius project french preparatoty task 3rd meeting ristiina finland

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