78

CH

APT

ER

1

1

Solutions for All Learners

Quick Study Guide

■

Have students use the Quick Study Guide to prepare for this chapter’s tests. Students may wish to refer to the following pages as they review:

Major Themes of the Renaissance

Section 1, pp. 48–50; Section 2, p. 57

Important Figures of the Scientific Revolution

Section 5, pp. 72–76

Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation

Section 2, pp. 57–58; Section 3, pp. 61–65; Section 4, pp. 66–71

Key Events of the Renaissance and Reformation

Section 1, pp. 48–50, 52–53; Section 2, p. 56; Section 3, p. 63; Section 4, p. 67; Section 5, pp. 72–73

■

For additional review, remind students to refer to the

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37, 39, 41, 43

Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44

■

Have students access

Web Code nbp-1361

for this chapter’s timeline, which includes expanded entries and additional events.

■

If students need more instruction on analyzing timelines, have them read the

Skills Handbook,

p. SH32.

■

When students have completed their study of the chapter, distribute Chapter Tests A and B.

Teaching Resources, Unit 1,

pp. 16–21

For

Progress Monitoring

Online,

refer students to the Self-test with vocabulary practice at

Web Code nba-1361.

L1

Special Needs L2

Less Proficient Readers

For students acquiring basic skills:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37, 39, 41, 43

Adapted Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44

For Spanish-speaking students:

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Spanish Note Taking Study Guide, pp. 34–35, 37, 39, 41, 43

Spanish Section Summaries, pp. 36, 38, 40, 42, 44

L3

L2

English Language Learners

Progress Monitoring Online

Chapter EventsWorld Events 1300 14001350

1300sThe Renaissance begins in the city-states of Italy.

1434The Medici family

gains control ofFlorence’s government.

1324Mansa Musa makes hajj.

1368The Ming dynasty is founded in China.

1450The kingdom

of Songhaiemerges in

West Africa.

Quick Study Guide11 For: Self-test with vocabulary practiceWeb Code: nba-1361

■ Major Themes of the Renaissance• Importance of classical learning• Emphasis on the individual• Adventurous spirit and willingness to experiment• Focus on realism in art and literature• Questioning of traditional religious ideas

Person

NicolausCopernicus

Tycho Braheand JohannesKepler

GalileoGalilei

FrancisBacon

RenéDescartes

Isaac Newton

Robert Boyle

Achievement Date

Developed the sun-centered model ofthe universe

Built astronomical observatory tocalculate the planetal orbits; supportedCopernicusís views

Developed telescope to view the planetsand confirmed Copernicus’s theory

Called for new scientific method

Developed new philosophy ofhuman reasoning

Developed laws of gravity and motion;invented calculus

Identified basic building blocks of matter,opening the way for modern chemistry

1543

Late 1500s

1600

Early 1600s

Early 1600s

Late 1600s

Late 1600s

Long-Term Causes

Long-Term Effects• Religious wars in Europe

• Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches

• Weakening of Holy Roman Empire

• Increased anti-Semitism

• Roman Catholic Church becomes more worldly.

• Humanists urge a return to simple religion.

• Shift to more uncertain, urban-based economies

causes people to look for society that makes more sense to them.

• Monarchs and other leaders question the pope’s authority and wealth.

• Johann Tetzel sells indulgences in Wittenberg.

• Martin Luther posts 95 Theses.

• Luther translates the Bible into German.

• The printing press spreads reform ideas.

• Calvin and other reformers preach against Roman Catholic traditions.

Immediate Causes

Immediate Effects• Peasants’ Revolt

• Catholic Reformation

• Strengthening of the Inquisition

• Luther’s calls for Jewish expulsion result in

Jewish migration to Eastern Europe

Cause and Effect

The Protestant Reformation

■ Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation

■ Important Figures of the Scientific Revolution

■ Key Events of the Renaissance and the Reformation

WH07MOD_se_CH01_rev_s.fm Page 78 Thursday, January 25, 2007 3:15 PM

wh07_te_ch01_rev_MOD_s.fm Page 78 Wednesday, February 28, 2007 4:27 PM

79

Solutions for All Learners

Tell students that the main concepts for this chapter are Cultural Diffusion and Science and then ask them to answer the Cumulative Review questions on this page. Discuss the Connections to Today topics and ask students to answer the questions that follow.

Cumulative Review

1.

Responses should show an understand-ing that like the spread of the Renais-sance, the spread of Islam was due in part to the importance of trade and the rise of wealthy trade centers. European Renaissance merchants, like Muslim traders, spread both wealth and ideas.

2.

Responses should note that Newton’s ideas, while new and dramatic, did not directly challenge Church teachings. Students should also point out that Newton published his ideas more than a hundred years after Copernicus; people were more used to radical ideas and more likely to give them serious thought rather than simply reject them.

3.

Responses should note that both Europe and China during these periods made great cultural and technological achievements. Students should also understand that the Chinese achieve-ments came earlier and in some cases paved the way for later European developments. For example, the Chi-nese invention of movable type made possible the later European invention of the printing press.

Connections to Today

1.

Answers will vary. The invention cho-sen by the student should have a clear and wide-ranging impact similar to that of the printing press.

2.

Answers will vary. Students should draw on chapter content and background knowledge to explain how the Scientific Revolution changed the world.

For additional review of this chapter’s core concepts, remind students to refer to the

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Concept Connector, pp. 245, 290

L1

Special Needs L2

Less Proficient Readers

Use the following study guide resources to help students acquiring basic skills:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Adapted Concept Connector, pp. 249, 309

Use the following study guide resources to help Spanish-speaking students:

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

Spanish Concept Connector, pp. 249, 309

L3

L2

English Language Learners

1500 1550 1600

1512Michelangelocompletesthe SistineChapel frescoes.

1517MartinLutherposts his 95 Theses.

1633Galileo is tried

before the Inquisition for

his theories.

1453Constantinoplefalls to the Ottoman Turks.

1492ChristopherColumbusreaches the Caribbean islands.

1620Pilgrims found the

Plymouth Colonyin Massachusetts.

1532Spanish forces defeat the Incan empire of South America.

1534EnglishParliamentpasses the Act of Supremacy.

1456The Gutenberg printing press produces the first printed Bible.

■ Cumulative ReviewUse your Concept Connector worksheets and the text to help answer these questions. In addition, record informa-tion from this chapter about the following concepts.

1. Cultural Diffusion During the Middle Ages, many Euro-pean peoples were cut off from each other as trade broke down and disease ravaged populations. With the Renais-sance, renewed trade and increased curiosity about the world led to great cultural diffusion. For example, art tech-niques developed in Italy spread to northern Europe, and vice versa. Compare the cultural diffusion of the Renaissance to the spread of Islam from about 750 to 1200. Consider:• cultural achievements• trading centers• economic growth• religious expression

2. Science Many people disputed Copernicus’s heliocentric view of the universe, because it challenged the belief of the Earth-centered universe that both made sense to them and was taught to them by the Church. Compare the reaction of people to Copernicus’s ideas with the reaction of people to the ideas of Isaac Newton. Why were Newton’s theories not seen as controversial?

3. Cultural Diffusion The European Renaissance ushered in a period of great cultural achievements that would eventu-ally influence people far beyond Europe. Compare the achievements of Europe during the Renaissance with achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties of China. Consider the following: architecture, print technology, literature, and painting.

■ Connections to Today1. Technology: The Communications Revolution During

the Renaissance, new technology like the printing press revo-lutionized life. Consider the various impacts that the printing press had during the Renaissance, in areas ranging from liter-acy to religion. Then choose a modern technology that has had a comparable effect. Write two paragraphs explaining why the technology you chose is as important in terms of its impact today as the printing press was in Renaissance times.

For: Interactive timelineWeb Code: nbp-1361

2. Science: Its Global Impact The Scientific Revolution transformed technology, government, economy, and society in Europe. Use of the scientific method allowed Europeans to improve farming techniques and ways of manufacturing goods. It helped them to improve mapmaking and navigation techniques and to sail across oceans. European governments found that these changes increased their income and their power, and so many of them supported scientific research. As you will read in the next two chapters, Europe’s improved sea power, military technology, and economic might allowed it to conquer parts of Africa and Asia and most of the Americas. Considering these developments, explain how the world today is different from the world before the Scientific Revolution.

WH09MOD_se_CH01_rev_s.fm Page 79 Monday, April 9, 2007 9:16 AM

0078_wh09MODte_Ch01rev_s.fm Page 79 Wednesday, May 30, 2007 12:18 PM

80

Chapter Assessment

Terms, People, and Places

1.

patron

2.

vernacular

3.

predestination

4.

compromise

5.

heliocentric

Main Ideas

6.

Artists and writers adopted both a new realism and an emphasis on humanity.

7.

It quickly spread the works of human-ists and other Renaissance writers to a large audience.

8.

Artists developed new techniques to paint more realistically; writers addressed the themes of humanism and wrote in the vernacular.

9.

Renaissance thinkers began to ques-tion the Church as the sole source of truth, opening the way for people to question the Church on more specific issues as well.

10.

It needed to prevent large numbers of people from embracing Protestantism and thereby weakening the authority of the Church.

11.

Scientists began to question accepted teaching, relying instead on their own observations and reasoning to get to the truth.

Chapter Focus Question

12.

Renaissance thought was profoundly affected by a new worldview that embraced curiosity, exploration, and the importance of humanity. Renais-sance people remained religious, but they no longer accepted religious authority unquestioningly. Instead, they used their expanding knowledge in other fields to shape their own reli-gious thinking.

Critical Thinking

13.

Italy’s Mediterranean location, between Europe and the East, encour-aged trade. Trade, and with it a flow of new ideas and wealth, encouraged the development and spread of the Renaissance.

14.

It broke with medieval times by ques-tioning religious authority and by emphasizing the importance of the human world. It continued medieval ways by highly valuing religion and a sharply defined social structure.

15.

Sample: When there is great uncertainty—whether financial, social, or religious—people are more likely to feel threatened by those with different religious beliefs or ways of life.

16.

the importance of education

17.

Answers may agree with this description because great discoveries were made, advancing science and enriching art. Other answers may suggest that most

people did not benefit greatly from the period’s advances and still lived in poverty.

18.

Queen Elizabeth’s efforts to make com-promises satisfied both Protestants and Catholics and averted religious warfare.

19.

The Protestant Reformation could not have spread so quickly nor had such a great impact without the invention of the printing press.

80

Chapter AssessmentChapter Focus Question12. How did the Renaissance shape European art, thought, and

religion?

Critical Thinking13. Geography and History How did Italy’s geography

encourage the spread of the Renaissance?14. Analyze Information In what ways was the Renaissance

a break with medieval times? In what ways was it a continu-ation of medieval times?

15. Predict Consequences Under what circumstances are religious beliefs likely to inspire anger or violence?

16. Analyze Visuals What Renaissance theme does the bas-relief below express?

17. Test Conclusions The Renaissance and Scientific Revolu-tion are often described as eras of human progress. Evaluate whether this is an accurate description.

18. Recognize Cause and Effect Why did England escape the kinds of religious wars that tore apart other European nations?

19. Synthesize Information An English author wrote, “The preaching of sermons is speaking to a few of mankind, but printing books is talking to the whole world.” How does this statement suggest a relationship between two of the key events discussed in this chapter?

1. Lorenzo de’ Medici was a _____ of the Florentine arts.2. Rabelais and Shakespeare wrote in the _____ to appeal to

the common people.3. Calvin’s belief in _____ set him apart from Catholics.4. Elizabeth’s sensible _____ helped keep England unified in

the face of religious conflict.5. Copernicus’s _____ theory of the universe challenged the

accepted teachings of the Church.

Main IdeasSection 1 (pp. 48–54)6. How did the new Renaissance worldview shape the work

of Italian Renaissance artists and writers?

Section 2 (pp. 56–59)7. What was the role of the printing press in spreading

Renaissance ideas?8. How did northern European artists and writers apply

Renaissance ideas in their work?

Section 3 (pp. 61–65)9. How did the Renaissance open the door to the Protestant Ref-

ormation?

Section 4 (pp. 66–71)10. Why did the Church respond with its Catholic Reformation?

Section 5 (pp. 72–76)11. How were the scientists of the Scientific Revolution influenced

by Renaissance ideas?

Terms, People, and PlacesComplete each sentence by choosing the correct answer from the list of terms below. You will not use all of the terms.

● Writing About History

Writing a Persuasive Essay European history from 1300 to the 1600s was a time of great change, discov-ery, and religious upheaval. Write a persuasive essay that presents your position on either the Renaissance, the Reformation, or the Scientific Revolution. Consult page SH16 of the Writing Handbook for additional help.

Prewriting• Choose a topic and decide what your main position

will be.

• Think of arguments that both support and oppose your position, and answer them.

• Gather evidence that supports your position.

Drafting• State your position in a thesis statement.• Organize your arguments into a draft outline.• Write the introduction, body text, and closing arguments. Be

sure to support your arguments with a variety of points, includ-ing facts, comparisons, and statistics.

Revising• Use the guidelines for revising your report on page SH17 of the

Writing Handbook.

indulgencepredestinationcompromise

patronhumanismvernacularutopian

ghettoheliocentrichypothesis

WH07MOD_se_CH01_rev_s.fm Page 80 Thursday, May 3, 2007 5:33 PM

0078_wh09MODte_Ch01rev_s.fm Page 80 Thursday, July 12, 2007 12:14 PM

81

Answers

1.

C

2.

B

3.

A

4.

Responses should show a clear understanding that the printing press had a dramatic impact on the spread of the Reformation, and should be supported with specific examples from the chapter and the documents.

Document-Based Assessment

■

To help students understand the docu-ments on this page, give them the fol-lowing

TIP:

As you read each document, try to identify the writer’s point of view.

■

To provide students with further practice in answering Document-Based Assessment Questions, go to

Document-Based Assessment,

pp. 41–53

■

If students need more instruction on synthesizing information, have them read the

Skills Handbook,

p. SH35.

●

Writing About History

As students begin the assignment, refer them to page SH16 of the

Writing Handbook

for help in writing a persuasive essay. Remind them of the steps they should take to complete their assignment, including prewriting, drafting, and revising. For help in revising, remind them to use the guidelines on page SH17 of the

Writing Handbook.

Students’ essays should make a clear argument, supported with specific details and facts. Essays should have a clear structure, with an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. They should show evi-dence that the student has considered opposing points of view. For scoring rubrics for writing assign-ments, see

Assessment Rubrics,

p. 8.

81

Document-Based Assessment

Baltic Sea

Atlant icO cea n

40˚N

50˚N

0˚10˚W

Mainz

Strasbourg

Toledo

Paris

Cologne

AugsburgVienna

Nuremberg

Leipzig

Rome

Venice

Florence

2000 400 mi

2000 400 km

Conic Projection

N

S

EW

Printing presses before 1471Printing presses 1471–1500

The Spread of Printing in Renaissance Europe

Document C

“As if to offer proof that God has chosen us to accomplish a special mission, there was invented in our land a marvelous new and subtle art, the art of printing. This opened German eyes even as it is now bringing enlightenment to other coun-tries. Each man became eager for knowledge, not without feeling a sense of amazement at his former blindness.“

—From Address to the Estates of the Empireby Johann Sleidan

Document D

Analyzing DocumentsUse your knowledge of the Renaissance and Documents A, B, C, and D to answer questions 1–4.

1. According to Document B, the increased supply and lower cost of books had what effect?A More people became teachers.B More people became printers.C More people bought books.D More people bought printing presses.

2. What information about printing can be found only on Document D?A specific dates when printing presses were introducedB areas where the concentration of printing presses was

densestC numbers of printing presses introduced into selected citiesD countries where printing presses were introduced

The Impact of the Printing PressIn a time when new ideas and discoveries were commonplace, the invention of the printing press was no less than astonishing in its impact. Documents A, B, and D describe the spread of printing during the Renaissance. Document C, written by a historian in the 1500s, describes its impact at the time.

Document A

“In 1455 all Europe’s printed books could have been carried in a single wagon. Fifty years later, the titles ran to tens of thou-sands, the individual volumes to millions. Today, books pour off presses at the rate of 10,000 million a year. That’s some 50 million tons of paper. Add in 8,000 to 9,000 daily newspa-pers, and the Sundays, and the magazines, and the figure rises to 130 million tons . . . It would make a pile 700 meters [2,297 feet] high—four times the height of the Great Pyramid.“

—From Gutenberg: How One Man Remadethe World with Words by John Man

Document B

“Printing spread from Mainz to Strasbourg (1458), Cologne (1465), Augsburg (1468), Nuremberg (1470), Leipzig (1481), and Vienna (1482). German printers, or their pupils, introduced the ‘divine’ art to Italy in 1467, Switzerland and Bohemia in 1468, France and the Netherlands in 1470, Spain, England, Hungary, and Poland between 1474 and 1476, Denmark and Sweden in 1482–1483. By 1500 the presses had issued about six million books in approximately forty thousand editions, more books, probably, than had been produced in western Europe since the fall of Rome . . . Now individuals could afford to own books, where before they had normally been owned almost exclusively by institutions—monasteries, cathedral chapters, and colleges.“

—From The Foundation of Early Modern Europe, 1460–1559by Eugene F. Rice, Jr.

3. What does German historian Sleidan, in Document C, imply is the most important role of the printing press?A spreading the Protestant religionB teaching German history to other countriesC making books cheaperD giving Germans more knowledge

4. Writing Task How did the invention of the printing press affect the spread of the Reformation? Use specific evidence from the documents above, along with information from this chapter, to support your answer.

WH07MOD_se_CH01_rev_s.fm Page 81 Wednesday, January 31, 2007 12:40 PM

0078_wh09MODte_Ch01rev_s.fm Page 81 Thursday, July 12, 2007 12:29 PM