what am i? i'm called by three letters though i have a long name. i'm in all of you, but...
TRANSCRIPT
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What am I?
I'm called by three lettersThough I have a long name.
I'm in all of you,But I'm never the same.
I'm all coiled upSo that I am quite small,But if you stretch me out
I'll be really tall.
I could be the root Of certain disease;
If man can unlock meHe'll solve many mysteries.
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What type of macromolecule is DNA?
A. CarbohydratesB. LipidsC. Nucleic AcidsD. Proteins
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DNA
• DNA is a type of nucleic acid macromolecule.
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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Which types of cells contain DNA?
A. EukaryoticB. ProkaryoticC. All of the aboveD. None of the above
ALL living things (prokaryotes & eukaryotes)
contain DNA.
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Where is DNA found in Eukaryotic cells?
A. CytoplasmB. LysosomesC. NucleusD. Vacuole
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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What does DNA actually do?
• Carries genetic information from one generation to the next – Genes are made of DNA
• Be easily and accurately copied before cell division
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DNA was identified as the material that carried our genes through a series of experiments.
• This was a breakthrough discovery that occurred less than 100 years ago!
• While DNA has been known to scientists since 1869, many scientists at that time assumed that genes were carried on proteins, not DNA.
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Hershey & Chase confirm that DNA is the genetic material that carries genes, not protein.
• In 1944, Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase studied viruses that infect bacteria.
When viruses infect bacteria, they inject their genes into
the bacteria.
Were the viruses injecting proteins into their hosts, or
DNA?
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The Hershey-Chase Experiment
• They tagged viral DNA with radioactive phosphorous.
• They tagged viral proteins with radioactive sulfur.
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Tagged DNA was found inside the bacteria, but proteins were not.
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Remember that the 4 macromolecules are polymers, meaning they are made of monomers bonded together.
What is the monomer of DNA?
A. MonosaccharidesB. Fatty AcidsC. Amino AcidsD. Nucleotides
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DNA is made of monomers called nucleotides.
• 3 parts of a nucleotide:– a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose– a phosphate group– a nitrogenous base
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When nucleotides bond together, they form DNA.
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Nucleotides
• 2 types of nitrogen bases found on nucleotides:– Purines– Pyrimidines
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Purines vs. Pyrimidines
• Purines: 2 rings– Adenine (A)– Guanine (G)
• Pyrimidines: 1 ring– Cytosine (C)– Thymine (T)
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Nucleotides
• When nucleotides bind together, they form a chain, which is the polymer DNA.– The sugar & phosphate groups
form the backbone of the chain (like the sides of a ladder).
– The nitrogenous bases stick out from the chain (like the rungs of a ladder).
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This is 1 strand of the DNA molecule.
What’s the difference between this side of the DNA molecule & this side of the DNA molecule?
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Each strand of DNA has directionality.
• One side ends in a phosphate, but the other ends in a sugar.
• Each molecule will have a phosphate, or a 5’ end (5 prime) and a sugar, or a 3’ end (3 prime).
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The 2 strands run in opposite directions, called antiparallel (like opposite
flows of traffic).
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One strand runs 5’ to 3’ while the other strand runs 3’ to 5’.
5’ 3’
3’ 5’
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We now know that the backbone of a DNA molecule is made of the
sugars & phosphates from the nucleotides.
The nitrogen bases from each strand meet in the middle to form
the “rungs”.
Does it matter which 2 bases meet in the middle?
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Base Pairing Rules
1. Each base pair is made of 1 purine & 1 pyrimidine.
2. Adenine from 1 strand & thymine from the other always pair together with 2 hydrogen bonds.
3. Guanine from 1 strand & cytosine from the other always bond together with 3 hydrogen bonds.
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G
G
A
T
T
A
A
C
T
G
C
A
T
C
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What will the opposite strand look like?
5’-ATGGTTCCA-3’3’-TACCAAGGT-5’
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Chargaff’s Rules
• Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002) discovered that in any DNA sample, the amount of guanine is always equal to the amount of cytosine, & the amount of adenine was always equal to the amount of thymine.
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If adenine (A) makes up 35% of a DNA molecule, what percentage of the molecule is thymine (T)?
A. 70%B. 35%C. 15%D. Not enough info.
35%
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If adenine (A) makes up 35% of a DNA molecule, what percentage of the molecule is guanine (G)?
A. 70%B. 35%C. 15%D. Not enough info.
15%
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X-Ray Evidence (1952)
• Rosalind Franklin studied the DNA molecule using x-ray diffraction (bending of waves around an edge or barrier) to find the structure of DNA.
• From her work she was able to see that the DNA strands were twisted around each other forming a helix.
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The Double Helix Model (1953)
• Francis Crick & James Watson were trying to figure out the structure of DNA by building models with cardboard and wire.
• When they saw Franklin’s pictures, they soon were able piece all the information together to come up with the 3-dimensional structure of DNA: a double helix with two strands winding around each other.
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How does it fit inside our cells?
The DNA in just 1 of your cells is about 3 meters long.
The DNA in all of your cells combined is twice the diameter of our solar system & could go from Earth to the sun about
340 times!
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DNA molecules are SUPER LOOOOOONG!
In order to fit into our cells, they must fold up as much as possible.
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Chromosomes
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How does DNA fit in the cell?
It’s supercoiled!
• The DNA & histone proteins are packed tightly together to make them fit.
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DNA & Chromosomes
• In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is bound to histone proteins, forming chromatin in the nucleus.
DNA + Protein = Chromatin
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DNA + Proteins = ChromatinTightly Packed Chromatin = Chromosome
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