what are the major features of the indus valley civilization?

What are the major features of the Indus Valley Civilization?

• The Indus Valley cities show a level of sophistication and advancement not seen in other contemporary civilizations.

• Most cities had similar patterns. There were two parts: a citadel and the lower town.

• Most cities had a Great Bath.


• There were also granaries, 2-storied houses made of burnt bricks, closed drainage lines, excellent stormwater, and wastewater management system, weights for measurements, toys, pots, etc.


• A large number of seals have been discovered.• Agriculture was the most important occupation. The

first civilization to cultivate cotton.• Animals were domesticated like sheep, goats, and

pigs.


• Crops were wheat, barley, cotton, millets, pulses, and rarely rice.

• Trade was conducted with the Mesopotamians.• Metal products were produced including those with

copper, bronze, tin, and lead. Gold and silver were also known. Iron was not known to them.


• The people worshipped male and female deities. A seal which was named ‘Pashupati Seal’ has been excavated. Marshall believed this to be an early form of Lord Shiva (Proto Shiva).

• Excellent pieces of red pottery designed in black have been excavated.


• They used to make beads, bangles, earrings, and vessels.

• Civilization also was advanced in making artworks. • A statue named ‘Dancing Girl’ has been found from

Mohenjodaro and is believed to be 4000 years old.


• A figure of a bearded Priest-King has also been found from Mohenjodaro.

• Lothal was a dockyard.• Disposal of the dead was by burial in wooden coffins.

Later on, bodies were cremated in urns.• The Indus Valley script has not yet been deciphered.

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What are the major features of the Egyptian Civilization?• It is a Bronze Age civilization.• This civilization flourished in the valley of the river

Nile. • Agriculture was the backbone of this civilization. • The Egyptians also engaged in weaving and

production of glassware.

What are the major features of the Egyptian Civilization?• They formed an art of writing. It is known as

'Hieroglyphics', which means 'sacred writing'. • They used the leaves of the plant called papyrus for

writing.• The Egyptians also attained amazing advancement in

the field of science. They formulated a solar calendar.

What are the major features of the Egyptian Civilization?• As per this calendar a year had 365 days. A year was

divided into 12 months, of 30 days each. • The remaining five days were set aside for

celebrations. • Their advancement in the field of Mathematics is also

significant. They could calculate the area of triangles and rectangles.

What are the major features of the Egyptian Civilization?• To determine time they made sundial, a clock that

tells time by the shadow cast by the sun and water clock that works on water current.

• The Egyptians were also skillful in sculpture. It is evident from the sphinx, a statue with lion's body and human head.

What does Pharaoh literally mean?

• 'Pharaoh' is actually a Greek word that is based on an Egyptian word that meant 'great house'. When this word was first used, it referred to the palace of the king and its greatness, not just to the king himself.

• We use the word 'pharaoh' today to mean the ruler of ancient Egypt.

What does Mummy(ancient Egypt) mean?

• In ancient Egypt, preserving a body as a mummy was part of a religious belief in an afterlife.

• It is a dead body of a human being or animal preserved by the ancient Egyptian process or some similar method of embalming.

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what are the major features of the indus valley civilization?

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