What Could Divide People, even Families?

What Brings Us Together?

1911 Revolution 1916-1928 Warlord Era & Jiang Kai-shek’s Northern

Expedition (1926 to 1928)

• KMT-CPC split 1927–1937 Encirclement Campaigns and the Long March

(1934-1936) Xi’an Incident 1936 (Zhang Xueliang & Yang Hucheng) 1937-1945 Anti-Japanese War or the Second Sino-

Japanese War 1945 – 1949 the Civil War or Liberation War

求同存异【 qiútóngcúnyì 】 seek common ground while reserving

differences.

What separate people, even families?

What could bring people together?

Three Big Mountains Deng Xiaoping’s quick

wit on his height

Old Three Imperialism Feudalism Oligarchic or

bureaucratic capitalism

New Three 1. Education (tuition

three times higher than the world’s average

2. Medicare 3. Housing 蜗居【 wōjū 】 <formal>

humble abode; a snail’s house

Three Big MountainsA Difficult Task even for the Foolish Old Man

Education (Tuition)/Medical/Housing

Father of the Nation

Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) Known as the father

of modern China. Influential in overthrowing the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1911);

he served as the first provisional president of the Republic of China (1911–12) and later as de facto ruler (1923–25).

Sun Yat-sen tribute in the Tiananmen Square, 2005.

The emblem of the GuomintangThe Blue Sky with a White Sun

Red Flag for the National Party The

Guomindang/Kuomintang traces its ideological and organizational roots to the works of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a proponent of Chinese nationalism, who founded China Revival Society in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1894. In 1905, Sun joined forces with other anti-monarchist societies in Tokyo to form the Tongmenghui or the Revolutionary Alliance.

Sun Yat-sen’s ideals nationalism, democracy, and equality

the Three People’s Principles 450

Sun Yat-sen based his idea of revolution on three principles: nationalism, democracy, and equality. These three principles, in fact, were elevated to the status of basic principles: the Three People's Principles. The first of these held that the Chinese government should be in the hands of the Chinese rather than a foreign imperial house. Government should be republican and democratically elected. Finally, disparities in land ownership should be equalized among the people, wealth more evenly distributed, and the social effects of unbridled capitalism and commerce should be mitigated by government.

To establish a government of the people, by the people, and for the people

Sun Yat-sen’s Vision of New China In Sun's theory of democracy, government would be divided into five

separate branches: the executive, legislative, judicial, the censorate, and the civil service system.

The latter two branches pri’marily functioned as a check on the first three, which are the more familiar branches of government to Westerners. The latter two were also traditional branches of the Chinese government and functioned independently. The civil service had been around since the Han period and the censorate had been created by the Hong Wu emperor at the beginning of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).

This form of government, however, was never really instituted in Nationalist China.

The Censorate ( 御史台 yùshǐtái, later 都察院 dūcháyuàn) was a top-level supervisory agency in ancient China, first established during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE).

  

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bhe1EnfU5c&feature=related

中華民国国歌三民主義 (San Min Chu-i)

Official Translation San Min Chu-i,

Our aim shall be:To found, a free land,World peace, be our stand.Lead on, comrades,Vanguards ye are.Hold fast your aim,By sun and star.Be earnest and brave,Your country to save,One heart, one soul,One mind, one goal.

三民主義，吾黨所宗，

以建民國，以進大同。

咨爾多士，為民前鋒；

夙夜匪懈，主義是從。

矢勤矢勇，必信必忠；

一心一德，貫徹始終。

1911 RevolutionA turning Point in Chinese History

Prelude to the revolt In 1910, banks from four

countries (Britain, France, Germany, and America) pressed the Qing government to borrow money to fix railroads;

The loans, with strings attached, and the subsequent disbanding of the provincial railway companies caused a furor.

Nationalists were indignant over the foreign loans.

The Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution (Chinese: 辛亥革命 ; pinyin: Xīnhài Gémìng), also known as the 1911 Revolution or the Chinese Revolution, began with the Wuchan Uprising on October 10, 1911 and ended with the abdication of Emperor Puyi on February 12, 1912.

Wuchang UprisingOctober 10, 1911

Provinces That Declared Independence

Hunan, Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Guizhou, Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc.

On January 1st, 1912, in Nanjing, Sun was elected as provisional president of the Republic of China

On February 12, the last emperor Puyi gave up his throne; Thus ending the dynastic system once and for all. Multiple uprising before 1911;

The Last Emperor

Puyi (simplified Chinese: 溥仪 ; traditional Chinese: 溥儀 ; pinyin: Pǔ yí) (7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967), of the Manchu Aisin-Gioro ruling family, was the last Emperor of China. He ruled in two periods between 1908 and 1917, firstly as the Xuantong Emperor (宣統皇帝 ) from 1908 to 1912, and nominally as a non-ruling puppet emperor for twelve days in 1917. He was the twelfth and final member of the Qing Dynasty to rule over China proper.

The Last Emperor, 1987 written by Mark Peploe and

Bernardo Bertolucci. Independently produced by Jeremy Thomas, it was directed by Bertolucci and released in 1987 by Columbia Pictures. Puyi's life is depicted from his ascent to the throne as a small boy to his imprisonment and political rehabilitation by the Chinese Communist authorities.

Romance between Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Song Qingling

She was born to the wealthy businessman and missionary Charlie Soong who became rich by selling Bibles in China. Educated in US, Madam Sun graduated from Wesleyan College, the world's oldest women's college in the world. She married Sun Yat-sen in Japan on 25 October 1915 regardless of her parents’ disapproval.

博爱【 bó'ài 】 universal fraternity (or brotherhood); universal love.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum (中山陵 )Nanjing China

Two First Ladies from the Same Family

The Soong Sisters (film), 1997 Song Meiling (1898– 2003) was a First Lady

of the Republic of China, the wife of former President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter. The youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, she played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China. She shrugged off the shadow of her sister Song Qinglinig during the Xi’an Incident in 1936

Song Qingling (1893 – 29 May 1981), also

known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century. She was the Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China. She was the first non-royal woman to officially become head of state of China, acting as Co-Chairman of the Republic from 1968 until 1972. She again became head of state in 1981, briefly before her death, as President of China.

The Soong Sisters (1997)A film directed by Mabel Cheung

The Soong Sisters (宋氏三姐妹 ) were three Hainan Chinese women who were, along with their husbands, amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century. They each played a major role in influencing their husbands, which, along with their own positions of power, ultimately changed the course of Chinese history.

Their father was American-educated Methodist minister Charlie Soong, who made a fortune in banking and printing. Their mother was Ni Kwei-tseng. Their three brothers were all high ranking officials in the Republic of China government, one of whom was T. V. Soong.

Romance of the Three SistersRomance of the Chinese Revolution

Separation and Reunion among the Three Sisters

Throughout their lifetimes, each one of the sisters followed her own belief in terms of supporting the Kuomintang (KMT) or the Communist Party of China. In the 1930s, Soong Ai-ling and her sister Mei-ling were the two richest women in China at the time. Both of them supported the Nationalists, while Soong Ching-ling later sided with the CPC.

In 1937 when the Second Sino-Japanese war broke out, all three of them got together after a 10 year separation in an effort to unite the KMT and CPC against the Imperial Japanese army. Soong Ai-ling devoted herself to social work such as helping wounded soldiers, refugees and orphans. She donated five ambulances and 37 trucks to the army in Shanghai and the air force, along with 500 leather uniforms.

A political marriageJiang Jieshi and Song Meiling

She graduated from Wellesley with honors in 1917 with a degree in English literature. She met Chiang Kaishek in 1920, who divorced his first wife and promised to later convert to Christianity in order to win her hand in marriage. Since the marriage, she became known as Madame Chiang.

Warlord Era (1916-1928)Comparable to the Warring States Period

Yuan's ( Yuan Shikai ) death in 1916 plunged China into the warlord era, which lasted for about 10 years.

infighting among regional warlords, These new breed of warlords had

foreign connections

Yuan ShikaiDeclared himself as Emperor

1 January 1916 – 22 March 1916

Yuan Shikai made his name by training the new army and controlling tax in Korean Peninsula

After the 1911 Revolution, became President of the Republic of China

Yuan Lin Memorial Archway袁林牌坊 , Anyang, Henan Province

Jiang’s Northern Expedition

The Northern Expedition (Chinese: 北伐 ; pinyin: běi fá) was a military campaign led by the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1926 to 1928. Its main objective was to unify China under the Kuomintang banner by ending the rule of local warlords. It led to the demise of the Beiyang government and the Chinese reunification of 1928.

East Asia 462-463

Beiyang governmentConnected to Foreign Investments

The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府 ; pinyin: běiyáng zhèngfǔ) or warlord government collectively refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai. It was internationally recognized as the legitimate Government of the Republic of China. The name comes from the Beiyang Army which dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan Shikai who was a general of the Qing government. Though Yuan's death fractured the army into competing factions, the government was always under the control of Beiyang generals with a "constitutional" or civilian facade.

National Flag 1912-1928

Five Ethnic Groups in Harmony Five races under one union (traditional

Chinese: 五族共和 ; pinyin: wǔzú gōnghé, literally "five races or five ethnic groups together in harmony") was one of the major principles upon which the Republic of China was originally founded. This principle emphasized the harmony of the five major ethnic groups in China as represented by the colored stripes of the Five-Colored Flag of the Republic: the Han (red), the Manchus (yellow), the Mongols (blue), the Hui (white), and the Tibetans (black).

Genera’lissimo Chiang Kai-shek

蔣中正 / 蔣介石 (1887 – 1975) He became the

commandant of Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place in the party when the latter died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's overall leader. He served as chairman of the National Military Council of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 to 1948.

The Whampoa Military Academyand its Motto 黄埔军校

The Whampoa Military Academy emblem includes its motto, which was first proclaimed by Sun Yat-sen at the Whampoa Academy's opening in 1924. It translates into "Fraternity, Dexterity, Sincerity."

The military academy The military academy was officially opened on June 16, 1924

under the Kuomintang (KMT), but the first lessons began on May 1, 1924. The inauguration was on Changzhou Island offshore from the Whampoa dock in Guangzhou, thus earning its common name. During the inaugural ceremonies, Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech that was later to become the lyrics of the national anthem of the Republic of China.

The original Whampoa Military Academy existed from 1924 to 1926, over 6 terms it enrolled more than 7,000. However, Chiang Kai-shek purged the Chinese Communist Party during the Northern Expedition. The academy was moved to the newly established capital in Nanjing after the defeat of the warlords in 1928. The academy moved again to Chengdu during the Japanese invasion.

Commander-in-Chief1926 - 1928

Chiang Kai-shek, Commander-in-Chief of the National Revolutionary Army, emerged from the Northern Expedition as the leader of China.

The Beiyang government The Beiyang government (Chinese: 北洋政府 ; pinyin: běiyáng zhèngfǔ) or warlord government collectively refers to a series of military regimes that ruled from Beijing from 1912 to 1928 at Zhongnanhai中南海 . It was internationally recognized as the legitimate Government of the Republic of China. The name comes from the Beiyang Army which dominated its politics with the rise of Yuan Shikai who was a general of the Qing government.

The Beiyang Army in training 北洋軍 under Beiyang Government

Jiang Jieshi vs. Three Hegemons/Warlords

Wu Peifu, occupied Hunan, Hubei, Henan, part of Hebei, 200,000;

Sun Chuangfang, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, 200,000

Zhang Zuolin, Generalissimo of the Military Government, three provinces in the NE, Rehe, Chahar (Province), Beijing, Tianjing, and Shandong, 300,000

“Banner Changing” in the NE东北易帜

Huanggutun Incident 皇姑屯事件 On June 4th, 1928 Warlord Zhang Zuolin’s

train was exploded; Zhang Xueliang

changed his flag and converted himself to Jiang Kai-shek for unification with 300,000 troops;

Zhang XueliangBanner Changing 1928

The May 4th Movement, 1919The broader use of the term "May Fourth Movement"

often refers to the period during 1915-1921,

usually called the New Culture Movement.

On May 4, 1919, 3,000 students from Beijing University converged in Tiananmen Square to protest the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.

Twenty-One Demands

East Asia 459

"The Big Four" during the Paris Peace Conference (from left to right, David Lloyd George, Vittorio Orlando, Georges

Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson)

From left, UK Prime Minister Lloyd George,

Italian Prime Minister Orlando,

French Prime Minister Clemenceau,

US President Wilson

Paris Peace Conference, 1919 In January 1919, news reached Beijing that the conference

decided to transfer all the German privileges on Shandong from to Japan.

Reason; In 1898, two German missionaries were murdered in Shandong;

Germany pressed the Qing government to sign a treaty for a 99 years lease of the northern/southern part at Jiaoao, now Qingdao 青岛市— Qingdao beer;

Germans were defeated as a result of World War I (1914-1918)

Japanese were defeated as a result of World War II (1939-1945)

Two Sino-Japanese Wars1894 to 1895; 1937 to 1945

The first war was over the dominance of Korean Peninsula;

China lost Taiwan, the biggest treasure island;

On September 18, 1931, invasion of three provinces in the NE of China,

Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7th, 1937;

Full scale invasion of China;

Mukden IncidentSeptember 18, 1931

The Mukden Incident 九一八事变（又稱瀋陽事變；日本稱满洲事变 was an early event in the Second Sino-Japanese War, although full-scale war would not start until 1937. On September 18, 1931, near Mukden (now Shenyang) in southern Manchuria, a section of railroad owned by Japan's South Manchuria Railway was dynamited.

the establishment of Manchukuo

The Imperial Japanese Army, accusing Chinese dissidents of the act, responded with the invasion of Manchuria, leading to the establishment of Manchukuo the following year.

Fumimaro Konoe 近衞文麿 1891-1945

Prime Minister of Japan

In 1938, unable to obtain Chinese recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese government declared Jiang’s regime illigitimate and vowed to destroy it.

Zhang Xueliang’s RetreatForeshadowing the Xi’an Incident

English occasionally: Peter Hsueh Liang Chang) (3 June 1901 (according to other accounts in 1898 or 1900) in Haicheng County, Fengtian province of China – 14 October 2001 in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States), nicknamed the "Young Marshal" (少帥 ), became the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of North China after the assassination of his father Zhang Zuolin by the Japanese on 4 June 1928.

Jiang Jieshi and Sun Zhongshan

Chiang Kai-shek was appointed by Sun Yat-sen as Commandant of the Whampoa Military Academy.

Dr. Sun Zhongshan’s Successor

Chiang Kai-shek, who assumed the leadership of the Kuomintang (KMT) after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925

Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek

Commandant Chiang Kai-shek inspecting cadets of the Whampoa Military Academy.

Russian Advisor Vasily Blyukher/ Blücher,

Commander of Soviet volunteer forces

From 1924 to 1927 Blücher was a Soviet military adviser in China, where he used the name Galen (after the name of his wife, Galina) while attached to Chiang Kai-Shek's military headquarters. He was responsible for the military planning of the Northern Expedition which began the Kuomintang unification of China. Among those he instructed in this period was Lin Biao

Xi’an IncidentDecember 12, 1936

Zhang Xueliang & Yang Hucheng

Song Meiling Merged as a Key Player

Madam Jiang flew to Xi’an with her elder brother Song Ziwen.

Soong May-ling (宋美齡 , 1897–2003) Moved to the United States after Chiang Kai-shek's death. Arguably his most famous wife. She bore him no children.

Delicate TriangleSworn Brothers

The young marshal fell in love with Song Meiling in 1925 in Shanghai at a cocktail party

National Anthem of PRCLyrics: Tian Han 1934; Music: Nie Er (1935)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wvyITD2stg

Arise! All who refuse to be slaves!

Let our flesh and blood become our new Great Wall!As the Chinese nation

faces its greatest peril,All forcefully

expend their last cries.Arise! Arise! Arise!Our million hearts beat as one,Brave the enemy's fire,

March on!Brave the enemy's fire,

March on!March on! March on! On!

起来！ 不愿做奴隶的人们！把我们的血肉，

筑成我们新的长城！中华民族到了

最危险的时候，每个人被迫着

发出最后的吼声。起来！起来！起来！我们万众一心，冒着敌人的炮火，前进冒着敌人的炮火，前进

前进！前进！进！

Song Meiling Visited US

Soong May-ling (right) with Eleanor Roosevelt during a 1943 visit

The First Lady’s Improvised Speeches

http://www.youtube.com/v/TRF2WTNwo0M&hl=zh_TW&fs=1 1937

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61bV9-zeCrA&feature=related 1943

The First Lady Charmed America

On February 18, 1943, she addressed both houses of the U.S. Congress.

Comments from the New York Times

The New York Times: As a fluent English speaker, as a Christian, as a model of

what many Americans hoped China to become, Madame Chiang struck a chord with American audiences as she traveled across the country, starting in 1930s, raising money and lobbying for support of her husband's government. She seemed to many Americans to be the very symbol of the modern, educated, pro-American China they yearned to see emerge -- even as many Chinese dismissed her as a corrupt, power-hungry symbol of the past they wanted to escape.

Visit Wellesley

1943 photo taken during a visit to Wellesley.