what did the sex-role stereotype study find? traits ascribed to males traits ascribed to leaders...
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What did the sex-role stereotype study find?
Traits ascribed to males
Traits ascribed to leaders
Traits ascribed to females
Highly related
*** These ratings were similar across male and female raters
• Presence of females in leadership positions (e.g., industry, education, government)
• Mentoring opportunities
What are the implications of these findings?
The Role of Femininity and Leadership
Gender
Female Male
Regular Fast Regular Fast
Unattractive
Attractive
Rated on various factors (e.g., ability, integrity, likeability)
• Key is perception of levels of femininity. If highly feminine, not seen as very capable.
Lower scores
Claire McCaskil
l
Barbara Mikulski
Diane Feinstein
Barbara Boxer
Olympia Snowe
Kay Bailey Hutchinson
Mary Landrieu
Susan Collins
Maria Cantwell
Debbie Stabenow
Lisa Murkowski
Amy Klobuchar
Women in the U.S. Senate 2012 (N = 16 out of 100)
Jeanne Shahee
n
Kay HaganPatty Murray
Kirsten Gillibrand
• 12 Fortune 500 companies are run by women (2011)Source: http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/womenceos/
Female Representation in Business
• In 2007, 23% of university presidents are female, more than double the 9.5% in 1986, but only 2% more than 2001
• Women hold 24% of full professorships in the United States
Female Representation in Academics
Lower/Single House Upper House/Senate
Rank
C0untry Total # Women
% Women Total # Wome
n
% Women
1 RW 80 39 48.8
2 SWE 349 165 47.3
3 Costa Rica
57 22 38.6
4 Finland 200 76 38.0
5 Norway 169 64 37.9
6 Denmark
179 66 36.9
7 Nether-lands
150 55 36.7 75 22 29.3
8 Cuba 609 219 36.0
67 USA 435 71 16.3 100 16 16.0
Female Representation in Politics
Country Leader
Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel
Liberia President Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
India President Pratibha Patil
Argentina President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchne
Bangledesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed
Iceland Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurdardóttir
Lithuania President Dalia Grybauskaite
Costa Rica President Laura Chinchilla
Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar
Australia Prime Minister Julia Gillard
Slovakia Prime Minister Iveta Radicová
Brazil President Dilma Rousseff
Mali Prime Minister Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé
Kosovo President Atifete Jahjaga
Thailand Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra
Denmark Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt
Switzerland President Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf
Jamaica Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller
Source: http://www.filibustercartoons.com/charts_rest_female-leaders.php
Current Female Heads of State Worldwide
Female Heads of State
Source: http://articles.businessinsider.com/2012-03-01/news/31112559_1_female-president-female-head-female-political-leaders
31. If a Lord of the Confederacy should become seriously ill and be thought near death, the women who are heirs of his title shall go to his house and lift his crown of deer antlers, the emblem of his Lordship, and place them at one side. If the Creator spares him and he rises from his bed of sickness he may rise with the antlers on his brow.
44. The lineal descent of the people of the Five Nations shall run in the female line. Women shall be considered the progenitors of the Nation. They shall own the land and the soil. Men and women shall follow the status of the mother.
45. The women heirs of the Confederated Lordship titles shall be called Royaneh (Noble) for all time to come.
46. The women of the Forty Eight (now fifty) Royaneh families shall be the heirs of the Authorized Names for all time to come.
47. If the female heirs of a Confederate Lord's title become extinct, the title right shall be given by the Lords of the Confederacy to the sister family whom they shall elect and that family shall hold the name and transmit it to their (female) heirs, but they shall not appoint any of their sons as a candidate for a title until all the eligible men of the former family shall have died or otherwise have become ineligible.
90. When the Five Nations' Council declares war any Lord of the Confederacy may enlist with the warriors by temporarily renouncing his sacred Lordship title which he holds through the election of his women relatives. The title then reverts to them and they may bestow it upon another temporarily until the war is over when the Lord, if living, may resume his title and seat in the Council.
94. The men of every clan of the Five Nations shall have a Council Fire ever burning in readiness for a council of the clan. When it seems necessary for a council to be held to discuss the welfare of the clans, then the men may gather about the fire. This council shall have the same rights as the council of the women.
Constitution of the Iroquois Nations: The Great Binding Law
What is Stereotype Threat?
Stereotype threat: The risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about one's group.
• Impaired focus, attention• Attend to task irrelevant cues• Expectations for poor performance• Self-conscious• Less effort
Stereotyping (labeling) and
awareness
Belief of being judged
according to stereotype
Anxiety, Frustration
Low task performance
High school completion rate (Class of 2008):
Asian-Americans: 83%
Whites: 78%
Latinos: 58%
African-Americans: 57%
Native Americans: 54%
Source: Education Week (2011). http://www.edweek.org/media/diplomascount2011_pressrelease.pdf
Hispanic males = 41%; White males = 54.5; Asian-Americans = 60.6%
Retrieved from: http://americaswire.org/drupal7/?q=content/black-males-missing-college-campuses
Procedure and results of studies 1
and 2?
Diagnostic: Test measured
reading and verbal reasoning
abilities
Non-diagnostic: Test
used to familiarize them for problems that may appear on
tests in the future
Actual results generally
consistent with perceived
performance SAT scores were controlled for.
Black participants also had a greater
number of unanswered questions,
especially those in the diagnostic
condition
No effect of state anxiety
Study 3 Purpose?
Addition of:
• Stereotype Activation (word fragmentation task)
• Self-doubt
• Stereotype avoidance
Stereotype Activation ---
Self Doubt Activation
LO (LOSER); DU (DUMB); SHA (SHAME);E R I O R (INFERIOR); F L (FLUNK); _A R D(HARD); W K (WEAK).
Effect of diagnostic condition on Black participants?
Black participants:
• Had more race-related completions of (versus Whites in the diagnostic condition and Blacks in the non-diagnostic condition)
• Generated the most self-doubt-related completions (versus Black participants in the non-diagnostic condition)
• Were most avoidant of conforming to stereotypic images of African Americans (M = 20.80), versus Black participants in the nondiagnostic condition (M= 29.80). Stereotype relevant items included ones such as 1) Basket (Sports), 2) Rap (Music), & aggressive, lazy (Traits) --- generated as such if generated 65% of Whites!
• Were reluctant to indicate their race (25%) versus 100% of the participants in each of the other conditions
Results of Study 3?
Results of Study 3 (cont.)
Study 4 Purpose and
Findings?
Effects of race prime condition (indicate one’s race on the questionnaire)?
• Blacks performed worse than virtually all of the other groups. (in the no-race-prime condition their performance equaled that of Whites)
• Blacks completed fewer items than Whites
• Black participants made fewer guesses and felt more stereotype threat than Whites (e.g., “Some people feel I have less verbal ability because of my race.”