what is a document? - mél hogan – environmental...
TRANSCRIPT
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WHAT IS A DOCUMENT?
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Buckland, Michael (1998)What is a "digital document"? http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/digdoc.html
DOCUMENT
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Traditionally, the word "document" denotes a textual record...
DOCUMENT
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But can is also be... a sculpture, museum objects, and live animals?
DOCUMENT
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Suzanne Briet equated "document" with organized physical evidence.
DOCUMENT
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“A star in the sky is not a document, but a photograph of it would be; a stone in a river is not a document, but a stone exhibited in a museum would be; an animal in the wild is not a document, but a wild animal presented in a zoo would be.” -- Briet
DOCUMENT
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“Digital documents”
...how has the definition changed since 1998?
DOCUMENT
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GRAPHIC DESIGN
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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what is graphic design and what does it do?
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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+ it is visual communication
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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+ it is a method for problem-solving through the use of type, space and image
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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+ it is the art and practice of planning and projecting ideas and experiences with visual and textual content
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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+ it is an iterative process using design elements to convey information or to create an effect
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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2 rules for good design...
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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have one – and only one – clear idea+ have one visual point of focus1
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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have a reason for everything+ use the grid + nothing is random, so use it or lose it
GRAPHIC DESIGN
2
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elements of graphic design that govern effective communication
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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elements of graphic design will give you a vocabulary to discuss and critique design projects
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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PART 1linesshapesmasstexturecolour
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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LINES
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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SHAPES
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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The circle is protective or infinite.
The square denotes stability, equality, and honesty.
The triangle suggests tension or conflict or action.
http://desktoppub.about.com/od/logos/ss/logobasics_3.htm
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TEXTURE
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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MASS
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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COLOUR
GRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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Colour can be used to elicit specific emotions and reactions.
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PART 2balanceproximityalignmentrepetitioncontrastwhite space
GRAPHIC DESIGNGRAPHIC DESIGN ELEMENTS
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BALANCE
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PROXIMITY
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ALIGNMENT
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REPETITION
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CONTRAST
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WHITE SPACE
GRAPHIC DESIGN
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PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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Graphic Design Referenced: A Visual Guide to the Language, Applications, and History of Graphic Design. Beverly, Mass.: Rockport Publishers, 2011.
– Principles (20-59)
by Gomez-Palacio, Bryony, and Armin Vit.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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identity design
manifested in business cards, uniforms, marketing materials, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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corporate identity
specializes in design meant for corporations and businesses
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retail / brand identity
specializes in design meant for direct contact with consumers
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branding
the goal of branding is to form an overall perception of any product, service, or organization in the consumer’s mind through a variety of means
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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identity?recognizable?reputation?values?
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identity?recognizable?reputation?values?
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communication
staff behaviour, lighting conditions in a store, music in a tv commercial, photography, tone of voice, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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successfulbranding
creates positive associations and establishes consistent expectations for the consumer, and generates revenue
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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collateraldesign
one of the most varied and active disciplines in graphic design: brochures, manuals, catalogs, annual reports, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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environmentaldesign
the application of design to a specific environment: museum, train station, park, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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environmentaldesign
enriches the way in which the destination is experienced, navigated, and understood
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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environmentaldesign
directional and informational signage, way-finding systems, exhibit design, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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iconography
cohesive system of icons with a unified style; used for user interfaces, manuals, warning labels, weather information etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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iconography
must be adaptable to various mediums and contexts: zoo, olympics, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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ISOTYPE
International System of Typographic Picture Education (ISOTYPE): 1000s of pictograms symbolizing industrial, demographic, political and economic data.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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toilet symbolsign
development of comprehensive pictorial systems: men/women’s bathrooms
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informationdesign
presenting complex information (stats, research findings, data, forms, etc) in efficient and easy to understand ways
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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editorialdesign
layout and pacing of mags, newspapers, blogs, books, etc. requires a successful hierarchy of info to maintain curiosity and have form speak to content
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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posterdesign
for art, activism, sport or products, the poster has impact and resonance: seduce, call to action, convey an idea.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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packaging
unique presence on the shelf and intimately tied to consumer: boxes, containers, cans, containers
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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interactive design
since the mid ‘90s internet (history in CD-ROMs, kiosks) - attention to the end user (usability and accessibility)
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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motion graphics
include film titles, logos in motion, graphics during live-action footage, TV identifiers - with sound, imagery, typography and effects
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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FIRST THINGSFIRSTMANIFESTO(1964)
idea that designers should dedicate their services to more important issues like street signs, educational aids, scientific publications, etc.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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FIRST THINGSFIRSTMANIFESTO(2000)
updated by Adbusters to counter online consumption and reverse priorities to focus on cultural, social and environmental causes over branding
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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FIRST THINGSFIRSTMANIFESTO(2000)
updated by Adbusters to counter online consumption and reverse priorities to focus on cultural, social and environmental causes over branding
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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grid
Swiss Design: visual simplicity and uniformity through mathematically precise layouts
*no professional designer works without a grid
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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anatomy of a layout
building a layout through the use of grids: columns, margins, spacing etc
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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hierarchy
emphasizing, prioritizing, and presenting information by using visual prompts that help the viewer see immediately what is most (to less) important
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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white space
negative space, blank real estate, the space where there is nothing - helps pacing and
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
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DESIGN THEORY AND HISTORY
DESIGN THEORY AND HISTORY
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Graphic Design Theory: Readings from the Fieldby Helen Armstrong
DESIGN THEORY AND HISTORY
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modernism (20 C)
MODERNISM
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“Graphic design is really a product of Modernism ... it was coined in 1922 by William Addison Dwiggins, a book designer.”
http://rebeccareilering.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/modernism-and-graphic-
design/
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“Visually, if you look at visual communication before and after 1900, there will be a noticeable difference. Modern graphic design’s roots can be found in Modern Art.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism
Hans Hofmann, "The Gate", 1959–1960
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“Modernism was a reductive movement. Form was simplified as a way to break from pictorial representation. Why this break? ”
http://rebeccareilering.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/modernism-and-graphic-
design/
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“The beginning of the 20th century was fraught with radical political, social, cultural and economic changes. It was a revolutionary time. It was a time of radical scientific and technological advances.”
http://rebeccareilering.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/modernism-and-graphic-
design/
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“Movements in early 20th century modernism: Expressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Dadaism, Surrealism, De Stijl, Suprematism and Constructivism.”
Cubism + Futurism = modern graphic design
http://rebeccareilering.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/modernism-and-graphic-
design/
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A notable characteristic of Modernism is self-consciousness, which often led to experiments with form, along with the use of techniques that drew attention to the processes and materials used in creating a painting, poem, building, etc.
http://rebeccareilering.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/modernism-and-graphic-
design/
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cubism
CUBISM
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http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/timelines/modern_art_timeline.htm
CUBISM
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futurism (1850)
FUTURISM
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+ social movement that developed in Italy in the early 20th century+ practiced in nearly every field of art+ movement that despised everything that wasn’t totally new+ idea generated through writing and manifestos
FUTURISM
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http://99designs.com/designer-blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/
Blog2_Futurism_OtherExamples.jpgFUTURISM
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http://www.designishistory.com/1850/futurism/
Sea=Dancer, Gino Severini, 1913
FUTURISM
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http://sarahsmedley1992.wordpress.com/2011/10/07/was-graphic-design-
influenced-by-futurism-constructivism-dada-and-de-stijl/FUTURISM
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FUTURISM
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http://sarahsmedley1992.wordpress.com/2011/10/07/was-graphic-design-
influenced-by-futurism-constructivism-dada-and-de-stijl/FUTURISM
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http://sarahsmedley1992.wordpress.com/2011/10/07/was-graphic-design-
influenced-by-futurism-constructivism-dada-and-de-stijl/FUTURISM
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dadaism (1850)
DADAISM
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+ originated in Switzerland and spread across Europe and into the United States + would not identify itself as a “movement”+ concentrated on anti-war politics+ break away from the styles of traditional art aesthetics as well as rationality+ design often included found objects and materials combined through collage
DADAISM
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http://www.designishistory.com/1850/dada/
Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917
DADAISM
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http://www.designishistory.com/1850/dada/
Cut With The Dada Kitchen Knife, Hannah Höch, 1919
DADAISM
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http://www.designishistory.com/1850/dada/
Cover of Anna Blume, Kurt Schwitters, 1919
DADAISM
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http://www.designishistory.com/1850/dada/
Cover for Merz 7 Kurt Schwitters, 1924
DADAISM
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constructivism (1920)Associated Artists:Naum GaboEl LissitzkyVladimir MayakovskyAleksander RodchenkoVarvara Stepanova
CONSTRUCTIVISM
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+ origins in Russia+ primarily an art and architectural movement+ rejected the idea of art for arts' sake and the traditional bourgeois class of society to which previous art had been catered+ practise directed towards social change, serving a social purpose+ utopia rather than war as a model+ production of product packaging to logos, posters, book covers and advertisements
CONSTRUCTIVISM
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the evolution of graphic design+ from anonymity to authorship+ from the personal to the universal+ social detachment to engagement
CONSTRUCTIVISM
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http://sarahsmedley1992.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/affiche-futur-
anterieur.jpg
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http://theredlist.com/wiki-2-343-917-997-view-poster-art-profile-lissitzky-e.html
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http://theredlist.com/wiki-2-343-917-997-view-poster-art-
profile-lissitzky-e.html
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http://theredlist.com/wiki-2-343-917-997-view-poster-art-
profile-lissitzky-e.html
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http://www.pauldoolan.com/2011/06/what-stroke-of-genius-by-photography.html
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http://www.pauldoolan.com/2011/06/what-stroke-of-genius-by-photography.html
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http://www.photoforager.com/archives/alexander-rodchenko
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http://www.photoforager.com/archives/alexander-rodchenko
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http://blipoint.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/
cover_of_the_book_about_that_by_vladimir_mayakovski_1923_c_a_rodchenko_v_stepanova_archive_moscow_house_
of_photography_museum.jpg
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https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.media.squarespace.com/production/476849/5618802/files/2009/02/rod-71.jpg
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https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.media.squarespace.com/production/476849/5618802/files/2009/02/rod-71.jpg
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collective authorship+ early 1900s avant-garde viewed authored art as elitist and ego-driven+ bourgeois, subjective visions corrupted society
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+ looked instead to the machine for the future form+ qualities: functional, minimal, ordered, rational
= objectivity
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+ neutrality replaced emotion+ quest for impartial communication
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the bauhaus (1920)
Associated Artists:Herbert BayerWalter GropiusLaszlo Moholy-NagyMies van der Rohe
THE BAUHAUS
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+ origins in Germany (1919)+ major influence on the development of graphic design+ forced to close its doors, under pressure from the Nazi political party, in 1933+ favored simplified forms, rationality, functionality + believe that mass production could live in harmony with the artistic spirit of individuality+ sans-serif typography (simplicity)
THE BAUHAUS
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THE BAUHAUS
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the evolution of graphic design+ from anonymity to authorship+ from the personal to the universal+ social detachment to engagement
THE BAUHAUS
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http://www.designishistory.com/1920/herbert-bayer/
http://library.rit.edu/gda/designer/herbert-bayer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Bayer
THE BAUHAUS
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http://www.designishistory.com/
1920/herbert-bayer/
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https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CiLNu129D5Q/TSGP4Dlx2HI/AAAAAAAACy4/Fwl6WvOFzLs/s1600/Herbert+Bayer9.jpg
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https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_CiLNu129D5Q/TSGP4Dlx2HI/AAAAAAAACy4/Fwl6WvOFzLs/s1600/Herbert+Bayer9.jpg
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http://theredlist.fr/media/database/graphisme/History/
poster_kodeine/herbert_bayer_2/009_herber
t_bayer_2_theredlist.jpg
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http://theredlist.com/media/database/graphisme/History/
poster_kodeine/herbert_bayer_2/010_herber
t_bayer_2_theredlist.jpg
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https://1.bp.blogspot.com/_CiLNu129D5Q/TSGQTd9oRPI/AAAAAAAACz4/
ythQUmqCwk8/s1600/Herbert+Bayer.jpg
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In 1937 he moved to Chicago and formed the New Bauhaus, which is now the Illinois Institute of Technology!
http://moholy-nagy.org/
http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/mar/18/art.modernism
http://www.designishistory.com/1920/laszlo-moholy-nagy/
THE BAUHAUS
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http://www.iconofgraphics.com/Laszlo-Moholy-Nagy/
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http://www.iconofgraphics.com/Laszlo-Moholy-Nagy/
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http://www.iconofgraphics.com/Laszlo-Moholy-Nagy/
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http://www.iconofgraphics.com/Laszlo-Moholy-Nagy/
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the 1940s
1940s
Associated Artists:Joseph AlbersGyorgy KepesSwiss DesignEmil RuderArmin HofmannJoseph Müller-BrockmannWalter HerdegAlvin Lustig
Will BurtinLester BeallAlex SteinweissErik NitscheLadislav SutnarAdrian FrutigerAlexey BrodovitchRobert Brownjohn
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+ International Typographic Style or the International Style, the style of design that originated in Switzerland in the 1940s and 50s was the basis of much of the development of graphic design during the mid 20th century+ the use of, sans-serif typography, grids and asymmetrical layouts+ stressed was the combination of typography and photography as a means of visual communication
1940s
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1940s
Josep Müller-Brockmann, Auto Club of Switzerland Poster, 1955
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1940s
Joseph Müller-Brockmann, Zürich Town Hall Poster, 1955
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1940s
Adrian Frutiger
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1940s
Ladislav Sutnar, born in 1897, was one of the first designers to actively practice the field of information design
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the 1960s and 1970s
1960s
Associated Artists:Otl AicherWim CrouwelBradbury ThompsonWolfgang WeingartCorporate IDPaul RandSaul BassGeorge LoisLou DorfsmanYusaku KamekuraIkko Tanaka
Chermayeff & GeismarHerb LubalinEros, Fact, Avant GardeU&lcShigeo FukudaFirst Things FirstSeymour ChwastTadanori YokooMilton GlaserMassimo Vignelli
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http://www.emigre.com/Editorial.php?sect=1&id=13
http://www.emigre.com/EMag.php?issue=51
1960s / 70s
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+ First Things First Manifesto+ + identity was developed in the early 20th century, it was during the 1960s and 70s that it began to become a necessity for all corporations+ logos and brand standards were developed+ focused on new technological innovations and modern means of communication, travel and entertainment
1960s / 70s
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World Wildlife Fund, 1961
1960s / 70s
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Shell, 1971
1960s / 70s
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Nike, 1972
1960s / 70s
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United Airlines, 1973
1960s / 70s
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Shigeo Fukuda
1960s / 70s
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Yusaku Kamekura
1960s / 70s
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Otl Aicher
1960s / 70s
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the 1980s
1980s
Associated Artists:New IdeasThe MacintoshPeter SavilleApril GreimanEmigreRay GunDavid CarsonTibor KalmanTibor KalmanChip KiddThe Face
Neville BrodyEyeRick PoynorLouise FiliThe Designers RepublicPaula ScherBruce MauEd FellaBarbara KrugerRick Valicenti
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+ introduction of the personal home computer+ time for “New Ideas”
1980s
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1980s
http://www.designishistory.com/1980/the-macintosh/
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1980s Ed Fella
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1980s
Neville Brody
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1980s
Chip Kidd is one of the most prolific book cover designers in American design history.
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1980s
https://artsy.net/artist/barbara-kruger
+ studied at design at the Parsons School of Design, Syracuse University + School of Visual Arts + 12 years working as a magazine designer for Condé Nast+ topics like consumerism, feminism and classicism+ a pioneer of guerrilla art
http://broadartfoundation.org/artist_43.html
http://www.pbs.org/art21/artists/kruger/
http://www.designishistory.com/1980/barbara-kruger/
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http://nodisparenalartista.files.wordpress.com/
2013/10/barbara-kruger-1.jpg
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http://www.bakedinny.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/11/kruger4.jpg
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https://2.bp.blogspot.com/_5_y9PfUt854/TMXCq7RIyrI/AAAAAAAACMU/
DYC_6BAt6O4/s1600/Barbara_Kruger.png
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http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/feminist/Barbara-Kruger.html
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kruger#mediaviewer/File:Belief
%2BDoubt_(2012).jpg
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1980s
+ began her career creating album covers for both Atlantic and CBS records+ formed her own design company+ she has created memorable identities and other work for clients such as Citi Bank, Coca-Cola, the Metropolitan Opera, the Museum of Modern Art and the New York Philharmonic, among others.
http://www.ted.com/talks/paula_scher_gets_serious
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http://www.designishistory.com/1980/paula-scher/
1980s
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http://vimeo.com/18839878
1980s
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the 2000s
2000s
Associated Artists:Under ConsiderationMichael BierutSagmeisterMichael JohnsonExperimental JetsetWolff OlinsEllen LuptonDaniel EatockWinterhouseDebbie MillmanMarian Bantjes
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Ellen Lupton
2000s
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Stefan Sagmeister
2000s
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Michael Bierut
2000s
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Debbie Millman
2000s
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ASSIGNMENT: POSTCARDS
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Project parameters:- create a series* of 3 postcards (*continuity in style)
- dimension 6” by 4 ¼” (horizontal)- bleed of .125 all around- use elements from at least 2 nature photos + shapes- limit of 5 colors (for all 3 postcards)- fill only / no outline- shapes only / no text, no effects, etc.- export 3 artboards as .jpg + upload to BB
Tips- this is composition exercise, not just technical- work with rulers visible- use layers to organize your work- play with scale
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