what is a dre? tony corroto dre/sfst instructor dre/sfst...
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What is a DRE?What is a DRE?
Tony CorrotoTony Corroto DRE/SFST InstructorDRE/SFST Instructor
[email protected]@comcast.net
duiexpertwitness.comduiexpertwitness.com
404-906-2153404-906-2153
What is a DRE ?What is a DRE ?
Drug Recognition ExpertDrug Recognition Expert
1. Impairment not consistent with BAC1. Impairment not consistent with BAC
2. Suspect is under the influence of drugs 2. Suspect is under the influence of drugs medical condition rule out medical condition rule out
3. U.I. of category or categories of drugs3. U.I. of category or categories of drugs
12 Step DRE Protocol12 Step DRE Protocol
Standardized Standardized
and and
SystematicSystematic
12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation
1. The BAC of the suspect.1. The BAC of the suspect.2. Interview of Arresting Officer.2. Interview of Arresting Officer.3. Preliminary Examination (13. Preliminary Examination (1stst pulse) fork pulse) fork4. Eye Examinations4. Eye Examinations5. Divided Attention Tests5. Divided Attention Tests6. Vital Signs Examination (26. Vital Signs Examination (2ndnd pulse) pulse)7. Darkroom Examination7. Darkroom Examination8. Muscle Tone8. Muscle Tone9. Injection Sites Examination (39. Injection Sites Examination (3rdrd pulse) pulse)
12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation
10. Statements 10. Statements
11. Opinion of DRE11. Opinion of DRE
12. Toxicology12. Toxicology
Step 1Step 1
Breath Alcohol TestBreath Alcohol Test To determine whether the specific To determine whether the specific
drug, alcohol, may be contributing to drug, alcohol, may be contributing to the impairment observable in the the impairment observable in the subject.subject.
Step 2Step 2
Interview with the Arresting OfficerInterview with the Arresting Officer Arresting officer may have seen or Arresting officer may have seen or
heard things that would be valuable heard things that would be valuable indicators of the kinds of drugs the indicators of the kinds of drugs the suspect has ingested.suspect has ingested.
Drug related paraphernalia, Drug related paraphernalia, information about the subjects information about the subjects behavior.behavior.
Step 3Step 3
The Preliminary ExaminationThe Preliminary Examination To determine if subject may be suffering To determine if subject may be suffering
from an injury or some other medical from an injury or some other medical condition not necessarily related to drugs.condition not necessarily related to drugs.
Observations of subjects face, speech and Observations of subjects face, speech and breath; pupil size and tracking ability; breath; pupil size and tracking ability; initial check of subjects eyes for angle of initial check of subjects eyes for angle of onset.onset.
Step 3 Step 3
Initial examination of the suspect’s Initial examination of the suspect’s pulse.pulse.
Here we come to the fork in the Here we come to the fork in the roadway.roadway.
Step 4Step 4
Eye ExaminationsEye Examinations Lack of smooth pursuitLack of smooth pursuit Distinct and sustained nystagmus at Distinct and sustained nystagmus at
maximum deviationmaximum deviation Estimation of the angle of onset.Estimation of the angle of onset. What is the angle if present.What is the angle if present. Vertical NystagmusVertical Nystagmus Lack of ConvergenceLack of Convergence
Step 5Step 5
Divided Attention Psychophysical Divided Attention Psychophysical TestsTests
Romberg BalanceRomberg Balance Walk and TurnWalk and Turn One Leg Stand L @ ROne Leg Stand L @ R Finger to NoseFinger to Nose
Step 6Step 6
Examination of Vital SignsExamination of Vital Signs Second pulse 60 to 90 BPMSecond pulse 60 to 90 BPM Blood Pressure 120 to 140 Systolic Blood Pressure 120 to 140 Systolic
70 to 90 Diastolic70 to 90 Diastolic Body Temperature 98.6 +/- 1 degree Body Temperature 98.6 +/- 1 degree
FF
Step 7Step 7
Dark Room ExaminationsDark Room Examinations Room Light – Average 4.0 2.5 – 5.0mmRoom Light – Average 4.0 2.5 – 5.0mm Near Total darkness – Average 6.5 5.0 – Near Total darkness – Average 6.5 5.0 –
8.5 mm8.5 mm Direct light – Average -3.0 2.0-4.5mmDirect light – Average -3.0 2.0-4.5mm Rebound dilationRebound dilation Nasal and oral cavity examinationNasal and oral cavity examination
Step 8Step 8
Check for Muscle ToneCheck for Muscle Tone Tense or rigidTense or rigid Flaccidity or rubber likeFlaccidity or rubber like NormalNormal
Step 9Step 9
Examination for Injection SitesExamination for Injection SitesThird pulseThird pulse
Step 10Step 10
Interrogation of Suspect Interrogation of Suspect Miranda? YesMiranda? Yes Any such interview can proceed only Any such interview can proceed only
in conformance with formal in conformance with formal admonition and strict observance of admonition and strict observance of the suspect’s Constitutional rights.the suspect’s Constitutional rights.
Step 11Step 11
Opinion of EvaluatorOpinion of Evaluator““In my opinion as a certified DRE In my opinion as a certified DRE
subject Sergeant Wojciehowicz subject Sergeant Wojciehowicz “Wojo” is under the combined “Wojo” is under the combined influence of Hallucinations and influence of Hallucinations and
Cannabis and is unable to operate a Cannabis and is unable to operate a motor vehicle safely.”motor vehicle safely.”
Step 12Step 12
Toxicological Sample Toxicological Sample
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
Central Nervous System DepressantsCentral Nervous System Depressants Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants HallucinogensHallucinogens Dissociative AnestheticsDissociative Anesthetics Narcotic AnalgesicsNarcotic Analgesics InhalantsInhalants CannabisCannabis
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
Central Nervous System Central Nervous System DepressantsDepressants
BarbituratesBarbituratesNon-BarbituratesNon-Barbiturates
Anti-anxiety tranquilizersAnti-anxiety tranquilizersAnti-depressantsAnti-depressants
Anti-psychotic tranquilizersAnti-psychotic tranquilizersCombinationsCombinations
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
Central Nervous System StimulantsCentral Nervous System Stimulants
CocaineCocaine
AmphetaminesAmphetamines
MethamphetaminesMethamphetamines
DesoxynDesoxyn
EphedrineEphedrine
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
HallucinogensHallucinogens
Peyote - cactusPeyote - cactus
Psilocybin - mushroomsPsilocybin - mushrooms
LSD – lysergic acid diethylamideLSD – lysergic acid diethylamide
MDMA, STP, TMA – psychedelic MDMA, STP, TMA – psychedelic amphetaminesamphetamines
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
Dissociative AnestheticDissociative Anesthetic
PCP – phencyclidinePCP – phencyclidine
Ketamine Ketamine
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
Narcotic AnalgesicsNarcotic Analgesics
HeroinHeroinMethodoneMethodoneMorphineMorphineCodeineCodeineDilaudidDilaudidHycodanHycodanDemerolDemerol
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
InhalantsInhalants
Volatile SolventsVolatile Solvents
Anesthetic GasesAnesthetic Gases
AerosolsAerosols
7 Categories of Drugs7 Categories of Drugs
CannabisCannabis
MarijuanaMarijuana
HashishHashish
Hashish OilHashish Oil
MarinolMarinol
Tony CorrotoTony Corroto DRE/SFST InstructorDRE/SFST Instructor
[email protected]@comcast.net
duiexpertwitness.comduiexpertwitness.com
404-906-2153404-906-2153