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What Is A PC?

Micro-computer

(micro-processor)

Userinterface

Low Price

Small

DimensionsFor useby one person at a time

PC – Formal Definition (Britannica)

• “Microcomputer designed for use by one person at a time. A typical PC assemblage comprises a CPU; internal memory consisting of RAM and ROM; data storage devices (including a hard disc, a floppy disc, or CD-ROM); and input/output devices (including a display screen, keyboard, mouse, and printer)“

PC – The Term

• A magazine called Byte & Apple

• Who invented the term?

Introducing- First IBM PC 5150

– Year: 1981– Processor: Intel 8088 (8 - 16 bit)– Price: $1600– Size: 50.8 x 40.6 x 14 cm– Speed: 4.77MHz – RAM: 16KB– Prog lang: BASIC, Pascal– OS: MS-DOS, CP/M-86, UCSD P-system

The first computer that had the title PC

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IBM PC 5150 – The Chip

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• Introduced in 1979 • 16-bit registers and 8-bit external bus• An economomical version on the 8086

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IBM PC – The OS Story

• CP/M was the most popular at the time• Digital Research declined IBM’s request for an OS• A small company, famous for its BASIC, accepted

Control Program for Microcomputers

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• Hint II:

IBM PC – The OS Story• What was the small company’s name?

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• Hint I:

IBM PC – The OS Story• Being too small, Gates bought the rights to QDOS - "Quick

and Dirty Operating System“

• Which became PC-DOS and then later MS-DOS

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1 Year Before… Apple ///

– Year: 1980– Processor: MOS 6502A – Price: $3500– Size: 44.4 x 46.2 x 12.2 cm– Speed: 2MHz – RAM: 128KB– Prog langs: UCSD pascal,

BASIC– OS: SOS (Sophisticated

operating System)

Descendant of Apple I computer

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Apple /// - The Chip

• “MOS microcomputers” was founded by a team of engineers from Motorola

• MOS’ chips cost one sixth of the competition• Was used in Apple I,II,III , Commodore PET, Atari and few

less famous

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Apple /// - Marketing

• Only 65,000 units sold• Apple III failed due to many

reasons

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Intertec - SUPERBRAIN

– Year: 1980– Processor: 2 x Zilog Z80 (8 bit)– Price: $2000– Speed: 4 MHz – RAM: 16 KB – Prog lang: BASIC– OS: CP/M 2.2

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First Dual Core?

SuperBrain – The Chip • Zilog was founded by an engineer that left Intel in 1974 • Z80 mareketed in 1976• Was designed to be compatible with the Intel 8080• Featured Two separate register files• Was used in SuperBrain, TRS-80, ZX-80 and many more PC’s

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SuperBrain – “Features”

• “Breakable” floppy disk

• Hydrophobia

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Atari 800

– Year: 1979– Processor: MOS 6502, 1.8MHz – Price: $999.95– Size: 40.5x33x11cm/4200g – Speed: 1.79MHz – RAM: 8 KB – OS: 400/800 OS in ROM

Co-processors for sound and graphics

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Atari’s Accessories

Floppy drive, 90K size

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Printer ($449.95)approximately 40 characters per second

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Atari’s Accessories

Interface Module, providing 5 printer ports Cassette tape drive

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Atari’s Accessories

External keypad ($124.95)for fast data entry

A modem

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Apple 2

– Year: 1977– Processor: MOS 6502 – Price: $1298– Speed: 1MHz – RAM: 4KB– Prog lang: Applesoft, Integer– OS: Apple DOS 3.1,CPM

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Popularized the term “Personal Computer”

Apple 2 - Marketing

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Apple 2 – Recognize This?

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Commodore - PET 2001

– Year: 1977– Processor: 6502 – Price: $1400– Speed: 1MHz – RAM: 4KB– Prog lang: BASIC (MS)– OS: ROM Basic

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• flames!!

Commodore PET – Code Example• What does this program do?

10 motor 120 motor 030 goto 10

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The Name PET

• Officially: Personal Electronic Transactor

• Also: the initials of one of Jack Tramiel's relatives

• Positive linkage with the Pet Rock fad of the late 1970's.

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TRS-80 Model I

– Year: 1977– Processor: Z80 – Price: $599– Speed: 1.77MHz – RAM: 4KB– Prog lang: BASIC– OS: TRS-DOS

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TRS-80 Model I

• Meant to compete against Commodore PET and Apple //• Sold 250,000 units• Was nicknamed

“Trash 80”

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HP - 9825

– Year: 1976– Processor: HP 5061– Price: $5900– Size: 49.5x38.4x13cm/

11.8Kg – RAM: 8KB– Prog lang: HPL– OS: HP

Innovation at it’s best

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HP 9825 Facts

• Looks like a calculator, but fully programmable• 16-bit processor, Years before the major vendors• Booted directly from ROM• Digital mass storage devices

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Mits’ Altair 8800

– Year: 1975– Processor: Intel 8080– Price: $595– Speed: 2MHz – RAM: 256 Bytes – Prog lang: Altair BASIC– OS: CPM, Basic

The first successful PC

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Altair – Marketing

• The Intel chip 8080 cost ~300$ even so, the Altair cost only 397$

• Ed Roberts got the CPUs for $75, but only if selling over 200 computer

• Sold 15,000 units

• Spawned the “computer store”

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Altair – The Prototype• First computer completely lost and was never found

• Due to bankruptcy of the Railway Express

• The article was based on photos taken in advance

• On the cover of the “Popular Electronics”issue was a dummy

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Altair – S-100 Bus

• The magazine showed several stacked boards

• There is no connecting bus at all

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Altair – S-100 Bus• For the replacement machine, Ed Roberts came up with

a new design – the S-100 bus• Without the Railway Express we never would have had

the S-100 Bus

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Scientific Development Corporation - Minivac 601

– Year: 1961– Processor: No CPU – Price: $85– Size: 24x13.5x10cm\9Kg– Technology: Telephone

relays

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An educational success

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Minivac Description• Design to teach how computers work• User could hand-patched the Minivac to implement

various binary and boolean circuits • Used telephone relays for storage and as logic switches

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Minivac• Accepted amongst educational

institutions • large corporations were unwilling to

buy it• The product was repainted and

increased its price to $479 • Hundreds of “minivac 6010”'s

sold to businesses

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Simon

– Year: 1951– Price: 600$– Size: 50.2x38.1x

29.2cm– Weight: 21Kg– Speed: 0.5 to 15

repetitive operations per second – Technology: Electronic analogue vacuum-tube

Considered as the First Personal Comuter

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Simon

• Containing:– 129 relays– A stepping switch– A five-hole paper tape feed

• Represents numbers 1 to 255 in binary notation

• It can perform any of the operations: – Addition – Greater than– Negation

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Simon

• Considered to be the very first personal computer

• Published in a series of Radio Electronics by Edmund Berkley in 1950 and 1951

• Was first described in his 1949 book, "Giant Brains, or Machines That Think"

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Giant Brains or Machines That Think

• A book of a true visionary man.

• “The subject of this book is a type of machine that comes closer to being a brain that thinks than any machine ever did before

1940”.• Tries to predict the progress

of computation power in the following 100 years.

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• Program that are predicted in this book:– Translator – Library – Typist (from handwrite

to computer) – Stenographer (listens to

sounds and writes them)

Giant Brains or Machines That Think

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• Problems that are predicted to be solved by “mechanical brains”: – Control problems– Science problems– Weather-brain – Psychological training– Problems of business

Giant Brains or Machines That Think

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Agenda

• PC evolution: – Stationary

• 80s platform computers• OEM revolution • Advancing through chips

– Mobile• Pioneers• Laptops• PDAs

• What’s next?

Desktops – The 80s– Name: Commodore 64– Company:– Year: 1982– Processor: MOS 6510 (8 bit)– Price: $595 – Speed: 1MHz– RAM: 64KB– Prog langs: BASIC, C, etc.– OS: Commodore BASIC 2.0

Best selling computer of all times

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Desktops – The 80s

• Sold over 30 million units• Production stopped only in 1993 (12 years)• Was developed as video game machine• 6510 is a direct successor of MOS 6502• Advertisement:

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Desktops – The 80s– Name:– Company:– Year: 1983– Processor:

Motorola 68,000– Price: $9,995! – Speed: 5MHz– RAM: 1Mb– Prog langs: Mostly Pascal– OS: Lisa 2

Innovative but still a failure

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Desktops – The 80s

• Originally designed for office use, hence the high price• OS featured multitasking and virtual memory• OS also featured icon based GUI. Which was inspired by

Xerox’s STAR OS• Considered to be a commercial failure• Was discontinued in 1989

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Desktops – The 80s– Name: PC XT– Company:– Year: 1983– Processor: 8088– Price: $8000 – Speed: 4.77MHz– RAM: 640KB– Prog langs: Pascal, BASIC, etc.– OS: MS-DOS

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Desktops – The 80s– Name: PC AT– Company:– Year: 1984– Processor: 80286– Price: $4000 – Speed: 6MHz– RAM: 512KB– Prog langs: Pascal, C, etc.– OS: MS-DOS

Our childhood computer

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Desktops – The 80s– Name: Macintosh– Company:– Year: 1984– Processor:

Motorola 68,000– Price: $2,495 – Speed: 7.83MHz– RAM: 128KB– Prog langs: BASIC, Pascal etc.– OS: Macintosh System 1.0

Passed glory restored

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Desktops – The 80s

• Bill Gates' residence was designed on Macintosh• Connecting an Apple // floppy drive to the Mac will ruin

the floppy controller• The unit did not include a fan, making it

extremely quiet while in operation. – Whose idea was it?

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Desktops – The Revolution

• In the 80s a PC revolution starts• Platforms – OUT, OEM – IN• OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) –

A company that purchases a product from another

company and resells it as its own

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IBM PC Compatible

• Meaning: Designating a computer generally similar to the original IBM PC

• Also referred to as “PC clones”• Examples:

– (1982) First IBM clone by Compaq– (1984) Tandy1000– (1983) Olivetti M24– (1985) Dell’s TurboPC

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PC – A Chip Story

• Mid 80s – OEMs overflows the market• The focus shifts to the CPU manufacturers• 4 main companies led this market

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• Up to 1983, all of Apple’s computer were marketed with MOS 6502 chip series

• In 1983, Lisa was the first to use the 68,000 Motorola chip

• All of Apple’s computers were marketed with the 68k chip series from there on

Vs.

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• In 1994, Apple started using IBM’s PowerPC chip series

• In 1995, Apple finally stopped using Motorola’s chips

• This held to 2006, in which Apple declared it’s cooperation with Intel

Vs.

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Vs.

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Profile• Founded-1968 as NM-Electronics by

Andy Grove, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore

• The biggest chip-manufacturer in the world• November 1971 - first microchip (4004)

Products Under Moore’s Law

In 1965 Gordon Moore predicted that the number of transistors on a die would double itself every 12 months (revised to 18 later)

Profile• AMD - Advanced Micro Devices• Founded-1969 by a group of former executives lead by Jerry

Sanders from Fairchild semiconductors• In 1975, introduced a clone of the Intel 8080 (Am2900)

Products

80858080

808680286

486

386

5k86

Athlon

Athlon64

Semptron

K6

Duron

Didn’t We Forget Something?

• While desktop computers started the PC revolution, the future lies within the portable ones

• Portable computer world developed mainly in two fields:– Laptop

• A portable PC smaller than a briefcase– PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

• Digital device• Has a one-handed design• Can function independently• Features a non-appliance, non-mathematical application set

Laptop – The Pioneer– Name: Osborne 1– Company:– Year: 1981– Processor: Z80– Price: $1795 – Speed: 4MHz– RAM: 64KB– Prog langs: CBasic– OS: CP/M– Size: 51x32.5x22.5 cm– Weight: 10.2 KG

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• A huge success, selling 10,000 units a month• Fits under the passenger seat of any commercial airliner

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First Modern PDA– Name: Psion Organizer– Company: Psion– Year: 1984– Processor: Hitachi 6301– Price: $200– Speed: 920 KHz– RAM: 2KB– Prog lang: OPL– Size: 14 x 9 cm– Weight: 250 gram

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• Searchable database • Math functions • 16-character LCD display

Laptops Milestones• (1982) Compass Grid - the first to

introduce the clamshell case design

• (1983) Gavilan’s SC – first to be marketed as “laptop”

• (1986) IBM PC Convertible – first IBM laptop

• (1989) Apple’s Macintosh portable –first portable Apple

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Laptops Milestones• (1989) Grid’s GRiDPad - The first

commercial tablet computer

• (1991) Apple’s first PowerBook – a series sold until 2006

• (1992) IBM’s first ThinkPad –ThinkPad 700

• (2003) Intel’s Centrino – Back to platform and battery life revolution

Current Market

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• Intel – Centrino Pro (Merom)

• AMD – Turion 64X2 (Taylor)

• Main players:– Lenovo purchased IBM’s PC division - 2005– Apple’s MacBook (features Core 2 Duo)– Dell, the world’s largest OEM

PDA Milestones• (1974) HP’s 65 - first programmable

calculator, first with removable storage

• (1993) IBM’s Simon – first smartphone

• (1993) Apple’s Newton – first handwriting recognition PDA

• (1996) Palm’s Pilot 1000 First successful PDA

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PDA Milestones• (2000) Palm’s IIIc – first color handheld

• (2002) Sharp’s SL-C700 – first VGA resolution PDA

• (2002) Garmin’s iQue 3600 – first PDA to include integrated GPS

• (2005) Abacus AU5005 – first Hand watch PDA

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Current Market

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• Feature dominated:

– GPS (Mio P350)

– SmartPhone (iPhone, Lenovo ET-890)

– Windows Mobile (HP hx2490)

– Camera (Mio 710A)

Lets Go Back To The Future

Chair top E-Paper

Dell Future Computer HP Touchsmart PC

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Microsoft’s Scout 3D View With Naked Eye

Lets Go Back To The Future The Future Is Here

• Hitachi – 1TB HD• Logitech - Battery Free Wireless Mouse• Intel based Intel’s Xeon 5300 – 8 Core laptop• A $100 laptop

Bibliography • http://ia300205.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.cgi?file=2/items/GiantBrains/giant_brains.djvu• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD• http://www.cpu-collection.de/?tn=0&l0=co&l1=AMD&l2=FPU• http://www.cpu-info.com/index2.php?mainid=html/galleryview.php&type=cpu• http://cpu-museum.de/?m=AMD• http://www.vintage-computer.com/• http://www.old-computers.com/museum/• http://www.pc-history.org/• http://www.blinkenlights.com/pc.shtml• http://www.snarc.net/pda/pda-treatise.htm• http://www.hpmuseum.org/hp65.htm• http://www.hp9825.com/• http://www.intel.com/museum/archives/pctimeline.htm• http://www.amd.com/gb-uk/• http://www.ubergizmo.com/archive/2004_10_03_archive.html• http://uk.gizmodo.com/2006/07/05/• http://newmediatrends.fdim.dk/category/technology-new-media/page/2/• http://www.blinkenlights.com/classiccmp/berkeley/simonfaq.html• http://oldcomputers.net/osborne.html• http://www.hpmuseum.org/hp65.htm• http://www.sattlers.org/mickey/tech/hardware/apple/newton/index.html• http://www.palmvenue.com/pda_data/pop_pdadetail.asp• http://www.oldcomputermuseum.com/minivac_601.html• http://www.cedmagic.com/history/minivac-601.html• http://www.apple.com/iphone/• http://www.apple.com/iphone/• http://alienc.netcentre.ca/gallante/ibmcpu/5170.html• http://www.answers.com/• http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllaptop.htm• http://www.cpushack.net/chippics/• http://www.geeks.com/techtips/2005/techtips-NOV22-05.htm• http://www.pdastore.co.il/pdastore/• http://www.ebay.com/• http://technabob.com/blog/tag/multimedia• http://www.tidylittlepackage.com/work/milife.html• http://www.users.co.il/dellisrael.asp?NID=403• http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/entering_the_store_age.php