WHAT IS A REVOLUTION?

A DRASTIC OR DRAMATIC CHANGE THAT PEOPLE NEED TO ADJUST TO.

WHAT ARE THE THREE AREAS THAT HISTORIANS FOCUS ON?

•POLITICS-POLITICAL HISTORY

•SOCIETY-SOCIAL HISTORY•ECONOMICS-ECONOMIC HISTORY

WE HAVE LOOKED AT TWO TYPES OF REVOLUTION

•A POLITICAL REVOLUTION

•A SOCIAL REVOLUTION

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• REGARDLESS OF WHETHER YOU BELIEVE THE AM. REV. WAS A REVOLUTION OR NOT, THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT THERE WERE DRAMATIC CHANGES IN GOV’T SYSTEMS

FRENCH REVOLUTION

• A SOCIAL REVOLUTION• AND POLITICAL

REVOLUTION• DRASTIC CHANGES• IN FRENCH SOCIETY• AND FRENCH POLITICS

FRENCH REVOLUTION

THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONS

• THE IMMIGRATION REVOLUTION

• THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• ALL THREE ARE CLOSELY RELATED AND INTER-RELATED

THE IMMIGRATION REVOLUTION

• HUGE CHANGE IN THE TYPE OF PEOPLE WHO CAME TO THE U.S.

• MAJORITY OF IMMIGRANTS BEFORE 1800 WERE ENGLISH PROTESTANTS

• AFTER MANY DIFFERENT NATIONALITIES, LANGUAGES, CUSTOMS AND RELIGIONS

• ESPECIALLY FROM IRELAND AND GERMANY

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION

• A DRAMATIC CHANGE FROM WATER TRAVEL AND RELIANCE ON RIVERS AND OCEANS

• TO EXPANDED ROADS, CANAL BUILDING & RAILROADS• ROAD IMPROVEMENTS: HUB ROADS, CORDUROY

ROADS & TURNPIKES• CANALS & STEAMBOATS: ERIE CANAL (CLINTON’S

DITCH) FITCH & LATER FULTON WHO LAUNCHED THE FIRST SUCCESSFUL STEAMBOAT THE CLERMONT

• RAILROADS: WEATHER NOT A FACTOR; COULD GO ALMOST ANYWHERE;FASTER AND ALLOWED POPULATION CENTERS TO DEVELOP AWAY FROM INLAND WATERWAYS.

Transportation Play Critical Role in 1800’s

The development of steam navigation at the beginning of the 19th century added greatly to Cincinnati, Ohio's stature as a major commercial and trading port. This painting, The Public Landing by John Child, shows the city in 1835.

The Erie Canal

Transportation improvements during the early 19th century brought settlers into the Northwest Territory and increased trade in the region. New York's Erie Canal, completed in 1825, opened a route between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes that encouraged trading and shipping among the states and with foreign countries.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• MOST SIGNIFICANT OF ALL THREE• TRANSFORMATION FROM AN AGRICULTURAL

SOCIETY TO INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY• FROM A RURAL SOCIETY TO AN URBAN SOCIETY• FROM THE PRODUCTION OF FOOD PRODUCTS TO

FINISH MANUFACTURED GOODS• MACHINES REPLACE HAND LABOR• WATER & STEAM POWER REPLACE HUMAN POWER• WORK AT HOME REPLACED BY WORK AT A

CENTRAL LOCATION: SLATER MILL, THE LOWELL EXPERIMENT & INTERCHANGABLE PARTS

Inventions that Revolutionize America

• 1765 JAMES HARGREAVES INVENTED THE SPINNING JENNY WHICH ALLOWED ONE PERSON TO SPIN SEVERAL THREADS OF YARN AT ONE TIME

• 1769 RICHARD ARKWRIGNT INVENTED A MACHINE THAT COULD SPIN 100 THREADS AT ONCE USING WATER POWER INSTEAD OF HUMAN POWER KNOWN AS THE WATER FRAME.

The Spinning JennyIntroduced by Richard Arkwright in 1769, the flyer spinning frame or spinning jenny (also called the throstle or roll-drawing machine) reflects the move toward automation that characterized the Industrial Revolution. The machine is powered by the drive wheel at the bottom, drawing out the fiber into thread, then twisting it as it is wound onto the bobbins.

Inventions that Change America

• 1785 EDMUND CARTWRIGHT INVENTED A POWER LOOM WHICH COULD PRODUCE 200 TIMES THE AMOUNT OF CLOTH THAT COULD BE PRODUCED BY HAND

• 1793 ELI WHITNEY INVENTED THE COTTON GIN WHICH ALLOWED AN INDIVIDUAL SLAVE TO CLEAN 50 POUNDS OF COTTON PER DAY. BEFORE THIS INVENTION ONE SLAVE COULD ONLY CLEAN 1 POUND PER DAY.

The Cotton Gin

The cotton gin, invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, was designed to separate raw cotton fibers from seeds and other foreign materials prior to baling and marketing. The design was so efficient that it remains virtually unchanged to the present day.

The Factory System

• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION STARTED IN ENGLAND AND IN AN ATTEMPT TO KEEP THE SECRETS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN ENGLAND, PARLIAMENT PASSED A SERIES OF LAWS DESIGNED TO KEEP THE PLANS FOR THE NEW PLANTS AND MACHINERY ALONG WITH THE SKILLED WORKERS IN ENGLAND. THESE LAWS MADE IT A CRIME TO ATTEMPT TO LEAVE ENGLAND WITH ANY PLANS OR KNOWLEDGE OF THE FACTORIES SET UP IN ENGLAND.

Slater Mill

• SAMUEL SLATER KNEW THAT THE BRITISH WERE SEARCHING THE BAGGAGE OF PEOPLE SAILING TO AMERICA, SO HE MEMORIZED THE PLANS FOR THE ARKWRIGHTS MILL.

• WHEN SLATER GOT TO NEW YORK, HE HEARD THAT MOSES BROWN WANTED TO BUILD A TEXTILE MILL IN RI.

• SLATER WAS SO CONFIDENT THAT HIS MILL WOULD PRODUCE A QUALITY TEXTILE PRODUCT THAT HE TOLD BROWN THAT IF HE DIDN’T PRODUCE A QUALITY YARN, HE WOULD REFUSE TO ACCEPT ANY PAYMENT. THE MILL OPENED IN 1790 AFTER BEING FINANCED BY M. BROWN

Water Powered Mills

Early manufacturing employed water-powered machinery. Water turned the paddles of a wheel, which in turn moved grinding stones or other mechanical devices. Modern water wheels, called water turbines, drive generators that produce electricity.

The Lowell Experiment

• THE BOSTON ASSOCIATES BUILT A HUGE MILL IN LOWELL ASSACHUSETTS ON THE CHARLES RIVER THAT COMBINED THE SPINNING AND WEAVING OPERATION UNDER ONE ROOF. THIS PROCESS SAVED TIME AND THEREFORE MONEY WHICH MADE THE LOWELL MILLS VERY PROFITABLE

Lowell Mills

As the Industrial Revolution spread to the United States, plants such as this textile factory appeared. Soon the production of exports outpaced import of goods, and by the late 1800s America emerged as the world's largest industrial power.

Factories in the NorthDuring the first decades of the 19th century, the Northeast saw a decrease in farming and, with the birth of the industrial revolution, became a great manufacturing center. Factories using machinery powered by steam engines greatly increased productivity. New railroads and canals improved the ease of transport of raw materials from the west to the eastern factories. In turn, manufactured goods could be easily transported to markets. Financial and political power in the region followed, and along with it the creation of a new working middle class.

Harnessing the power of steam marked a significant step in technology. The introduction of the steam engine led to many new inventions, most notably in transportation and industry. Steam engines transfer the energy of heat into mechanical energy, often by allowing steam to expand in a cylinder equipped with a movable piston. As the piston moves up and down (or alternatively, from side to side), an attached arm converts this motion into parallel motion that drives a wheel. Models of the steam engine were designed as early as 1690, but it was not until 70 years later that James Watt arrived at the design of the modern steam engine.

The Steam Engine

Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts

• UNTIL THE EARLY 1800, ALL FINISH PRODUCTS WERE MADE FROM BEGINNING TO END BY ONE PERSON. THIS OFTEN RESULTED IN GOOD CRAFTSMANSHIP BUT IF ONE PART OF THE PRODUCT BROKE, THERE WOULD OFTEN BE NO WAY TO REPAIR IT WHICH WOULD REQUIRE THE OWNER TO BUY A WHOLE NEW PRODUCT.

• WHITNEY EXPLAINED THAT IF EACH PART OF A PRODUCT WAS MANUFACTURED EXACTLY ALIKE, THEN ASSEMBLED ONE PIECE AT A TIME, THE PRODUCT COULD BE EASILY REPAIRED.

• WITH PARTS EXACTLY ALIKE, THE ASSEMBLY PROCESS COULD EASILY BE DONE ON A FACTORY LINE AND BE MASSED PRODUCED.

• THIS WOULD ALLOW MANUFACTURERS TO REPLACE DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS AND EACH PRODUCT COULD BE MADE FASTER AND MORE EFFICIENTLY.

Growth of Urban Areas

• THE FACTORY SYSTEM LED TO GROWTH OF MANY URBAN AREAS. AS MORE AND MORE FARMERS BECAME EFFICIENT USING NEW TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS LIKE THE COTTON GIN, THE STEEL PLOW AND THE REAPER THE NEED FOR LABOR ON FAMILY FARMS DECREASED.

• THIS FREED MANY CHILDREN ESPECIALLY YOUNG SINGLE WOMEN FROM THE FARM AND ALLOWED THEM TO MOVE TO THE CITIES TO EARN MONEY TO HELP THE FAMILY.

City Life

• Dangers:– Fire– Muddy streets, no

sewers, garbage just thrown into the street

– Disease: Small Pox, yellow fever and cholera

• Advantages:– Plays and

museums– Circuses– Air Balloon rides– Latest fashions

from Europe– Libraries, hospitals,

schools and universities

Changing Times

• Era of Good Feelings• Sectionalism: The National Bank &

The Protective Tariff• The American System

Era of Good Feelings

• MONROE PRESIDENT FROM 1817-1824• THE COUNRTY SEEMED TO BE RUNNING

SMOOTHLY: ECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY

• THERE WAS ONLY ONE POLITICAL PARTY: THE REPUBLICANS

• SINCE THINGS SEEMED TO BE GOING VERY WELL AND THERE WERE NO MAJOR POLITICAL DIFFERENCES THIS PERIOD OF TIME WAS KNOWN AS THE “ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”

Sectionalism

• POLITICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS WERE BASED ON THE CONSTITUTION: NEW DIFFERENCES WERE TO BE ECONOMIC AND SECTIONAL

• SECTIONALISM TOOK THE PLACE OF IDEOLOGY

• THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE CHANGED FROM CONSTITUTIONAL CONCERNS TO ECONOMIC ONES AND THE ECONOMY OF EACH SECTION OF THE COUNTRY WAS BASED UPON DIFFERENT NEEDS AND DESIRES.

Three Different Sections

• EACH SECTION OF THE COUNTRY HAD LEADERS IN CONGRESS:– HENRY CLAY-- KENTUCKY-- THE WEST: AMERICAN

SYSTEM OF HIGH TARIFFS AND FEDERAL FUNDS USED TO IMPROVE THE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

– DANIEL WEBSTER (BLACK DAN) --MASSACHUSETTS-- THE NORTH: PROTECTIVE TARIFFS TO MAKE AMERICAN INDUSTRY STRONGER AND PROVIDE REVENUE FOR THE GOVERNMENT. OPPOSED EXPANSION OF SLAVERY INTO THE NEW TERRITORIES BUT WOULD SUPPORT POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY. NULLIFICATION WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL.

– JOHN C. CALHOUN-- SOUTH CAROLINA-- THE SOUTH: OPPOSED ANY HIGH TARIFFS

Sectional Leadership in Congress

Webster

ClayCalhoun

We must protect our

industry from

British dumping

The American System will

lead the United States to

greatness.

We cannot sacrifice the

Southern economy

just to help Northern industry.

The Second National Bank

• First bank’s charter expired in 1811• State banks made loans and issued

money resulted in high inflation• Second National Bank charted in

1816– Restored order by limiting loans– Brought money supply under control– Helped American industry to grow

Tariff of 1816

• Britain could produce and ship finished products cheaper than American products

• Britain began “dumping” good: selling products at very low prices which led to American factory closing

• A protective tariff (a tax that made English goods more expensive than American products) was passed in 1816

• Helped American factories, but since most Southern cash crops (esp. cotton) was sold to Britain, tariff hurt Southerners.

The American System

• Henry Clay’s plan• Tariffs kept high which would cause

Northerners to become wealthy and be able to buy farm products from the West and South

• Revenue from tariffs used to improve transportation system to the west (roads, canals and railroads)

• Never fully implemented, Southerners against

Changes in Foreign Policy

• American neighbors: Canada and Latin America

• United States gained Florida• The Monroe Doctrine

Canada

• Religious differences (Protestants vs. Catholics) led to separate rule: Upper and Lower Canada

• In 1837, to avoid a revolution, Britain formed the Dominion of Canada, based on the Durham Report, which gave Canadians control over their own affairs; Britain would control foreign affairs

• Government was similar to Britain with a Prime Minister and Parliament, a governor general represented the monarch but had little power.

Latin America

• Many different countries formed by 1825 due to geographical problems

• But had little or no experience with self-government which led to unstable governments

Latin America

• Simon Bolivar-Admired the American democracy and led revolutions against Spanish rule in Venezuela and Colombia. Created the Republic of Great Columbia (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador and Panama

• Jose de San Martin-Led Argentina, Peru and Chile to indendence

• Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos led Mexico to independence

U.S. and Florida

• The Creek and Seminole Indians attacked Americans in GA with the support of the Spanish gov’t

• President Monroe sent Andrew Jackson to stop the attacks (the Seminole War)

• Spain occupied with revolutions in Latin America did not want war with U.S.

• Sec. Of State John Q. Adams worked out the Adams-Onis Treaty in which the U.S. purchased Florida for $5 million

Monroe Doctrine

• PRESIDENT MONROE WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE BRITISH WANTED TO SUPPORT THE NEW INDEPENDENT NATIONS OF LATIN AND SOUTH AMERICA (MEXICO, PERU, BRAZIL COLOMBIA ETC.)

• MONROE THOUGHT OF THESE NEW NATIONS AS THE CHILDREN OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION AS THESE COUNTRIES TRIED TO FORM INDEPENDENT, DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS.

• THESE NEW NATIONS HAD LITTLE OR NO EXPERIENCE WITH THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY LIKE THE AMERICAN HERITAGE OF SELF RULE.

Monroe Doctrine, 1823

• MONROE WAS AFRAID THAT THESE NEW COUNTRIES WOULD BE CONQUERED OR RETAKEN BY THE EUROPEAN POWERS (SPAIN FRANCE ETC.)

• BRITAIN SAW THESE NEW NATIONS AS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND WOULD NOT LIKE TO SEE A RETURN TO THE IDEA OF MERCANTILISM.

• MONROE ISSUED THE MONROE DOCTRINE IN 1823 THAT STATED THAT EUROPEAN NATIONS MUST NOT INTERFERE IN THE AFFAIRS OF ANY NEW NATION IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.