what is a rotor

7/28/2019 What Is a Rotor

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In most circumstances, a rotor can be removed and replaced. Doing this, however, will

require the removal of the tire. This means that it is usually necessary for the vehicle to be jacked

up. It may also require the removal of the brake caliper, which is the contraption that holds the

brake pads.

The rotor has a hole in center. Once any parts that may be obstructing it have beenremoved, the rotor should slide off the axle. A replacement can then be slid on. Replacing rotors

should not be necessary every time brakes are replaced, but a person should expect to replace

them periodically if he keeps a vehicle for an extended period.

Grooves in the rotor are one indication that its condition is deteriorating. If the grooves

are not too deep, it may be possible to skim, or true, the part. This is done when it is removed and

a machine is used to smooth the surface.

In some instances, people allow their rotors to deteriorate to a point where they

cannot be skimmed. When this is the case, driving and braking the vehicle often become

problematic. Braking is likely to involve inefficient stopping speeds and the sound of grindingmetal. Metallic sounds and vibration of thesteering wheelmay be experienced while driving.

Continuing to drive a vehicle in this condition can be dangerous.

There is electric motor rotor having worn out collector. Deterioration - 1,3 mm depthflute in place of brushes contact.
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What Is a Rotor System?

Arotorsystem refers to the bladed,propeller-like mechanism that is attached to the top of

a helicopter. The system is made up of several blades connected to a hub, which is fastened to

theaircrafts mast. Rotor systems are responsible for providing a helicopter with verticalmovement and propulsion. The three main variations of this system are articulated, semi-rigid,

and rigid.

Helicopters rely on the main rotor, located on top of the craft, for both lift and thrust. Lift is

responsible for vertical movement and for sustaining the weight of the helicopter once in the air,

while thrust is responsible for propelling the craft once aloft. Thrust accounts for forward, lateral,

and reverse movements. Similar to propeller driven airplanes, the movement of the blades

through the air creates thrust, not the engine itself. Unlike propeller driven airplanes, the blades of

the helicopter are also responsible for lift, which complicates movement once airborne.

While there are different rotor system designs, most contain the same key structural

elements. Rotor systems are affixed to a central mast that rises from the helicopters engine andtransmission. The mast is a single beam that is turned by the engine and causes the blades atop

the mast to rotate. Below the blades is the hub, which consists of various mechanisms that allow

the blades to be adjusted for flight in different environments.

In 2011, the majority of helicopters in service utilize an articulated rotor system. Articulated

systems employ three or more blades, with hinges that allow each blade to move individually. The

blades can move up and down relative to the hub, forwards and backwards, and can be tilted

relative to the central parallel axis running through the length of the blade. This is advantageous

in most environments and less expensive than its hingeless counterpart.

Capable of the same function as an articulated system, a rigid rotor system forgoes thetraditional hinges of the articulated type. Instead, the rigid system allows the same individual

movement of each blade as the articulated system by utilizing composite flexures and elastomeric

bearings. These materials allow the blades and portions of the rotor system to bend, negating any

need for hinges. The bending blades reduce oscillation and improve the aircrafts

responsiveness. Rigid rotor systems are often used in specialized aircraft, such as those used by

the military, where price is of no concern, but limited in other areas because of the high cost.

Semi-rigid rotor systems have only two blades, and neither is capable of independent

movement. Instead, the entire hub moves atop the mast when in flight. This system is also called

a seesaw rotor because of how the blades move. As the hub tilts and one blade moves down, the

opposite blade is forced up. This system is not as frequently used as the other two.
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What Is a Rotor Shaft?

Arotorshaft can be found in one of two places on a helicopter: the main rotor blade and

the tail. The main rotor shaft is attached to the main rotor blade and transfers the power from the

engine to the blades. Thetail rotorshaft is located along the length of the tail section and powers

the tail rotor. The tail rotor makes flight possible for the helicopter by providing power to maintain

straight flight and altitude. In order for the helicopter to move forward and backward, the blades of

the main rotor must be able to pivot on the rotor shaft.

The main blades on a helicopter are not affixed directly to theaircraft's engine. In most

cases, the main rotor shaft is affixed to the engine via a gearbox. This gearbox allows the engine

to operate at a reduced speed while maintaining rotor speed. The tail rotor shaft also operates off

of a gearbox that matches the speed of the tail rotor to that of the larger main rotor. The pilot is

able to manipulate the speed of the tail rotor by adjusting a hand control mounted beside the pilot

seat. Without this small rotor controlling the position of the helicopter's tail, the helicopter would

simply spin violently out of control.

The ability to control the flight characteristics of the helicopter makes the tail rotor shaft a

primary target for enemy fire. The relatively small diameter of the shaft makes it prone to small

arms fire as well as larger anti-aircraft weaponry. In many combat designated helicopters, the tail

rotor as well as the tail rotor shaft are armor protected. In cases in which the tail rotor is shot

away, the helicopter is going to come down violently no matter how good the pilot is. The

instances of successfully landing a helicopter with the tail rotor damaged is so rare that when a

military pilot is successful in doing so, it nearly always results in receiving a medal or citation.

Maintenance of the rotor shafts is scheduled on a frequent basis. Bearings and bearing

mounts are replaced after a predetermined number of hours of use. This schedule varies by

manufacturer and model of helicopter. A worn bearing can lead to an unbalanced shaft and

subsequent vibration. This vibration can lead to bearing failure and thus tail rotor failure and the

possible crash of the helicopter. Routinely changing the bearings reduces the risk of this type of

failure causing problems for the helicopter and its crew.
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Types of Rotor Systems

Objective(s)Describe the 3 blade movements, and describe the 3+ different types of rotor systems.

Description1. Blade forces and movements

2. Types of rotor systems

3. Other rotor systems

Instructional aidsNone specified

Content

Blade forces and movements Feathering is rotation of the blade along its long axis, and allows the blade pitch to

change. Changing the collective setting or making cyclic inputs changes feathering.

Flapping is the vertical movement of the blade in its plane of rotation. Flapping

occurs because of differences in lift between the advancing and retreating blades.

Lead-lag (also called hunting) is the fore-aft movement of the blade in its plane of

rotation. Acceleration forces on the blade cause lead-lag movements.

Types of rotor systems

Rigid rotor systems

o Only utilize a feathering hinge

o Lead-lag and flapping forces are absorbed by the rotor hub

Semi-rigid rotor systems

o 2-blade rotor systems

o Has a feathering hinge

o Main rotor hub tilts (or teeters) to allow for flapping: as one blade flaps up, the

other flaps down

o Lead-lag forces are absorbed by blade flex

Fully-articulated rotor systems

o 3+ blade rotor systems

o Has feathering and flapping hinges

o Lead-lag hinges on each blade

Other rotor systems

Will be covered in detail in anti-torque systems

Tandem, in-line main rotor systems (eg, Chinook), sychropter (K-MAX), coaxial (KA-

50/KA-52)


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Rigid rotor

The rigid rotoris a mechanical model that is used to explain rotating systems. An arbitrary rigid rotor

is a 3-dimensional rigid object, such as atop. To orient such an object in space three angles known

asEuler anglesare required. A special rigid rotor is the linear rotor which requires only two angles to

describe its orientation. An example of a linear rotor is a diatomicmolecule. More general molecules

like water (asymmetric rotor), ammonia (symmetric rotor), or methane (spherical rotor) are 3-

dimensional, seeclassification of molecules.

Semi-Rigid Main Rotors

A semi-rigid main rotor is always a 2 bladed rotor system. It gets its name from the

fact that it does not have a lead-lag hinge, the way a fully articulated rotor system

does. The rotor system can be said to be rigid in-plane, because the blades are not

free to lead and lag, but they are not rigid in the flapping plane (through the use of

a teeter hinge). Therefore the rotor is not rigid, but not fully articulated either, so

we call it semi-rigid. The rotor systems we will look at here are 2 bladed teetering

systems. The Robinson and the Bell teetering system differ because the Robinson

includes coning hinges in addition to the teeter hinge, while the Bell system simply

cones by bending the blades.

Basic R22 Head

Teeter Hinge

The dark blue arrow is pointing to the teeter hinge. This central hinge allows the

entire rotor head to tilt left and right in order to allow the blades to flap. When

one blade flaps up, the other flaps down. The entire mechanical arrangement

works like a child's see-saw (teeter-totter) toy.

Coning Hinge

The light blue arrows point to the two coning hinges. These hinges allow each

blade to move up and down independently of the other blade. This would

normally happen during coning, when each blade moves up until centrifugal force

balances lift. During times of high lift, or low RPM, the blades will be coned quite

high, while during low lift or high RPM, the blades will tend to be lower.

The holes in the rotor head above the coning hinges serve no purpose except that

they may be used to hoist the rotor system.
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Blade Grips

The light red arrows point to the blade grip. The grip attaches the rotor blade to

the rotor head, and includes a pitch change mechanism used to change angle of

attack by feathering the blade (with the cyclic control). In the case of the R22, the

grip has multiple bearings, and is filled with a fluid similar (identical?) to automatic

transmission fluid.

Pitch Horn

The dark red arrow points to the left hand blade pitch horn. The pitch horn on the

right blade is behind the head in this photograph can cannot be seen, but does

exist. The purpose of the pitch horn is to give the feathering pitch change

mechanism (cyclic/swashplate) a place to attach to the blade. By sticking out from

the blade, the pitch horn works as a lever, decreasing the force it takes to change

the angle of the blade. Note that it also has the effect of changing the location on

the swashplate where the pitch mechanism attaches. Rather than attaching to the

swashplate directly under the blade, it attaches to the swashplate almost 90

degrees earlier in rotation. This is how the control system corrects for the almost-

90 degree lag in rotor response due toGyroscopic Precession.

Pitch Link

The yellow arrow points to the pitch link, which connects the pitch horn to the

swashplate. These length of these pitch links can be adjusted to set the angle of

incidence of the blade during track and balance of the rotor system.
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Rotating Star (Swashplate)

The green arrow points to the rotating portion of the swashplate, which attaches

to the pitch links. Below that is the non-rotating part, which connects to the pitch

control rods coming up from the cyclic/collective mixer.

Basic JetRanger (Bell 206) Head

The design of the Bell 206 rotor head is not that different from that of the

Robinson. Note that in this picture, there are no light blue arrows, because the

206 head does not include coning hinges. Instead, the rotor head is designed with

a pre-cone angle to the blade retention system, and other coning forces are simply

dealt with by bending of the blades (which must be built stronger to deal with the

extra stress).

Blade Grips

The light red arrows point to the blade grips. The design is slightly different than

the Robinson. The inside of the grips is filled with a light grease, rather than a

fluid. Also, note on the right hand blade that there is a vertical bolt attaching the


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blade to the grip. The blade can be set with some fixed lead or lag as part of the

rotor system rigging, compared to the Robinson where the lead/lag position of the

blade is fixed by the design of the rotor head, and can not be adjusted, even at the

factory.

What is Teetering (Flapping) versus Feathering?

On any rotor system, flapping occurs when the blade moves up and down. On a

rigid rotor system, this occurs when the blade bends. On an articulated system,

the blade flaps up and down around aflapping hinge. On a 2 bladed, semi-rigid

teetering system, the blades flap in unison around the flapping hinge such as in

these pictures of a Robinson R22:

Notice that the angle the airfoil makes with the horizon here does not change.

Flapping changes the angle of attack not by pitching the airfoil up or down, but by

changing the direction of the wind relative to the blade. For a more in-depthdiscussion seeRelative Wind,FlappingandAngle of Attack.

Compare this to the following picture which shows the blade being feathered by thepilot's controls via the swashplate:
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In this picture, you can clearly see that the angle of the blade with respect to the

horizon has changed, from a nose up angle on the left side, to a nose down angle on

the right side. In this case, the swashplate has moved in response to either thecyclic, collective, or both, and has moved the pitch links up or down. Since the

pitch links are connected to the blade via the pitch horn, the blade is forced to rotate

around the blade grip bearing into a differentangle of incidence.

How does the Rotor System Teeter?The rotor system teeters around the central hinge. The position of the blades is

due to the balance between centrifugal force which is trying to hold the blades

"straight out", versus lift which is trying to make them fold straight up. The

balance of the forces will cause the blades to fly at some angle. If one blade starts

to develop more lift, while the other blade starts to develop less lift, one blade will

want to climb while the other will want to descend. The result will be that the

rotor head will teeter, allowing one blade to go up while the other goes down.

It is important to understand that teetering happens "automatically", as a result of

aerodynamic and centrifugal forces. The pilot does not command flapping with thecontrol system.
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How does (the R22) Control System Transmit Pitch to the Blades?There are many different mechanisms for transmitting cyclic and collective inputs

to the main rotor system. The Robinson R22 and R44 mount the swashplate on

a monoball. This allows the entire swashplate to slide up and down on the rotor

mast (for collective inputs) and tilt (for cyclic inputs). These two pictures show

how the swashplate slides up and down to transmit a collective pitch change:

You can see that the red arrow is pointing to the bottom of the swashplate in the left

hand picture, but that in the right hand picture the entire swashplate has moved upthe mast. Notice the effect that has on the pitch links: the yellow arrows show that

in the right hand picture, the pitch link has moved up along with the swashplate(compare the top of the pitch link and the left hand coning hinge bolt in the two

pictures). Since the entire swashplate has moved up without changing its tilt, thepitch links have all moved up a set amount, but will continue to move up and downduring rotation in response to the tilt of the swashplate.

In comparison, look at the following picture to see how cyclic input is transmitted

to the blades:


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Notice that the swashplate in the left hand photograph is basically level, while in

the right hand photograph it has been tilted. The tilt will cause the pitch link to haveto move up as it travels to the right hand side of the picture, and move back down

as it travels to the left hand side of the picture. As it moves up and down the bladepitch will increase and decrease.

Fully articulated rotor system

Juan de la Ciervadeveloped the fully articulating rotor for theautogyro. The basis of his design

permitted successful helicopter development. In a fully articulated rotor system, each rotor blade is

attached to the rotor hub through a series of hinges that let the blade move independently of the

others. These rotor systems usually have three or more blades. The blades are allowed to flap,

feather, and lead or lag independently of each other. The horizontal hinge, called the flapping hinge,

allows the blade to move up and down. This movement is called flapping and is designed to

compensate fordissymmetry of lift. The flapping hinge may be located at varying distances from the

rotor hub, and there may be more than one hinge. The vertical hinge, called the lead-lag or drag

hinge, allows the blade to move back and forth. This movement is called lead-lag, dragging, or

hunting. Dampers are usually used to prevent excess back and forth movement around the drag

hinge. The purpose of the drag hinge and dampers is to compensate for the acceleration and

deceleration caused by momentum conservation,[13]

and not byCoriolis effect. Later models have

switched from using traditional bearings toelastomericbearings.[why?][citation needed]

A variation of the fully

articulated system is the "soft-in-plane" rotor system. This type of rotor can be found on several aircraft

produced by Bell Helicopter, such as theOH-58D Kiowa Warrior. This system is similar to the fully

articulated type in that each blade has the ability to lead/lag and hunt independent of the other blades.

The difference between a fully articulated system and soft-in-plane system is that the soft-in-plane

system utilizes a composite yoke. This yoke is attached to the mast and runs through the blade grips

between the blades and the shear bearing inside the grip. This yoke does transfer some movement of

one blade to another, usually opposing blades. While this is not fully articulated, the flight

characteristics are very similar and maintenace time and cost are reduced.
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Ceramaret manufactures high quality Rotors made out of High Purity Alumina (96%, 99,7% or 99,9%)

and TZP Zirconia ceramics for high and low pressure injection and selection valves.

Aluminium

13Al

B

Al

Ga

Periodic table

magnesiumaluminiumsilicon

Appearance

silvery gray metallic

Spectral linesof aluminium

General properties

Name,symbol,number aluminium, Al, 13

Pronunciation UK i/ljmnim/

AL-ew-MN-ee-m;

US i/ljumnm/
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umhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/En-us-aluminum.ogghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/En-uk-aluminium1.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aluminum_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aluminium-4.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununoctiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livermoriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleroviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununtriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roentgeniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadtiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitneriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaborgiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherfordiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeleviumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteiniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptuniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactiniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actiniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungstenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantalumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytterbiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysprosiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terbiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadoliniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praseodymiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telluriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimonyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutheniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niobiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirconiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yttriumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryptonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berylliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/En-us-aluminum.ogghttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/En-uk-aluminium1.ogghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aluminum_Spectra.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alu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