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1

WhatSatellite?is a

WhWhatatSatellillite?e?is ais a

© Boeing Satellite Systems, Inc. • 04/01 • 2500 • BSS 010196

1

What Is a Satellite?

A satellite is something that goes around and around a larger something, like the earthor another planet. Some satellites are natural, like the moon, which is a natural satelliteof the earth. Other satellites are made by scientists and technologists to go around theearth and do certain jobs.

Some satellites send and receive television signals. The signal is sent from a station onthe earth’s surface. The satellite receives the signal and rebroadcasts it to other placeson the earth. With the right number of satellites in space, one television program can beseen all over the world.

Some satellites send and receive telephone, fax, and computer communications.Satellites make it possible to communicate by telephone, fax, Internet, or computer withanyone in the world.

Other satellites observe the world’s weather, feeding weather information into giantcomputer programs that help scientists know what the weather will be. The weatherreporters on your favorite TV news show get their information from those scientists.

Still other satellites take very accurate pictures of the earth’s surface, sending backimages that tell scientists about changes that are going on aroundthe world and about crops, water, and other resources.

This is one kind of satellite—a Boeing 376, built by Boeing SatelliteSystems. The Boeing 376 is used mostly for broadcast televisionand cable television.

This is another, larger kind of satellite—the Boeing 601—which is also built by Boeing Satellite Systems. The Boeing601 is used for many purposes, including direct broadcast

TV, such as DIRECTV. Direct broadcast TV is a system forreceiving television using a very small satellite dish. The

television signal is relayed by a Boeing 601 satellite. TheBoeing 601 also relays telephone, fax, and computer communications.

The most powerful commercial satellite in the world is the Boeing 702.Designed and built by Boeing Satellite Systems, this giant has awingspan of nearly 157 feet—more than a Boeing 757 jet plane.

Boeing 376

Boeing 601

Boeing 702

GEO, or Geostationary Earth Orbit

A satellite in geosynchronous orbit circles theearth in 24 hours—the same time it takes theearth to rotate one time. If these satellites arepositioned over the equator and travel in thesame direction as the earth rotates, they appear"fixed" with respect to a given spot on earth—

that is, they hang likelanterns over the same spoton the earth all the time.Satellites in GEO orbit 22,282miles above the earth. In thishigh orbit, GEO satellites arealways able to "see" thereceiving stations below, andtheir signals can cover alarge part of the planet.Three GEO satellites cancover the globe, except forthe parts at the North andSouth poles.

2

What Is an Orbit?

LEO, or Low Earth Orbit

A satellite in low earth orbit circles the earth100 to 300 miles above the earth’s surface.Because it is close to the earth, it musttravel very fast to avoid being pulled out oforbit by gravity and crashing into the earth.Satellites in low earth orbit travel about17,500 miles per hour. These satellites cancircle the whole earth in about an hour anda half.

MEO, or Medium Earth Orbit

Satellites circling 6,000 to12,000 miles above theearth are in medium-altitude orbit. In theselarger orbits theystay in sight of aground receivingstation for 2 hoursor more, comparedto about 10 minutesfor LEOs. It takesMEO satellitesfrom 4 to 8 hours to go aroundthe earth.

When a satellite is launched, itis placed in orbit around theearth. The earth’s gravityholds the satellite in a certainpath as it goes around theearth, and that path is calledan "orbit." There are severalkinds of orbits. Here are threeof them.

GEO

MEO

LEO

How Does a Satellite Get Into Space?A satellite is launched on a launch vehicle, which is like a taxicab for satellites. The satel-lite is packed carefully into the vehicle and carried into space, powered by a rocket engine.

Satellites are launched from only a few places in the world, primarily Cape Canaveral,Florida; Kourou, French Guiana; Xichang, China, and Baikonur, Kazakstan. The best placesto launch satellites are near the ocean, so that when the launch vehicle falls away, it landsin the water and not on people.

Another launch site actually travelsto the perfect launch spot. TheSea Launch company rebuilt a bigplatform once used for oil drillingat sea. The platform carries satel-lites from Long Beach, California,to the equator, far out in thePacific Ocean, where its rocketlaunches them.

Putting everything together for a launch is very complicated. Many people in many compa-nies and sometimes in many countries have to work together and coordinate their work sothat everything will be ready for a launch. One of the ways things are coordinated is thecountdown. In a countdown, we count down instead of up, because we are counting hoursor minutes until liftoff—the moment when the rockets fire and the launch vehicle rises intothe air. The last ten seconds of the countdown sound like this: 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1,liftoff! But the countdown starts long before the day of the launch. Everyone who partici-pates in the launch has a schedule, and knows what he or she should be doing at 144hours until liftoff, or 64 hours, or 7 hours, or 10 minutes. That’s how the launch plannersmake sure that everything will be ready at the right time.

At launch, the launch vehicle’s rockets lift the satellite off the launch pad and carry it intospace, where it circles the earth in a temporary orbit. Then the spent rockets and thelaunch vehicle drop away, and one or more motors attached to the satellite move it into itspermanent geosynchronous orbit. A motor is started up for a certain amount of time,sometimes just one or two minutes, to push the satellite into place. When one of thesemotors is started, it’s called a "burn." It may take many burns, over a period of severaldays, to move the satellite into its assigned orbital position.

When the satellite reaches its orbit, a motor points it in the right direction and its antennasand solar panels deploy—that is, they unfold from their traveling position and spread out sothe satellite can start sending and receiving signals.

3

The earth, the moon, and all the planets are held in place in the solar systemby two opposing forces. One is called gravity. Gravity is a force that pullsobjects toward a planet or other large object. When you hold a book inthe air and let go, gravity pulls it toward the earth and it falls.

The other force is called centrifugal force.It makes a rotating object fly outwardfrom the center. If you ride a merry-go-round very fast, and you fall offyour horse, you will probably fall onthe outside of the circle because ofcentrifugal force.

In our solar system, nine planets revolve around the sun. Gravity and centrifugal force mustbe in balance for the planets to stay in their positions. If gravity stopped working, the plan-ets would fly off on their own into space. If centrifugal force stopped working, the planetswould be pulled toward the sun. The two forces are balanced, so the planets remain intheir places.

The sun is a star. Its natural satellites, including the earth,are called planets. The earth and the other planetsrevolve around the sun. Some planets have naturalsatellites, called moons. Our moon revolves aroundthe earth.

The same two forces keep the moon in its place as itrevolves around the earth: the earth’s gravity keepsthe moon from flying away into space, and centrifugalforce keeps the moon from being pulled down to theearth’s surface.

The sun and the earth are not the only sources of gravity. Everything in space has its owngravity. Large objects like planets have stronger gravity, and small objects like meteorshave weaker gravity. So just as earth’s gravity holds the moon in position, the moon’s grav-ity holds in place a spaceship that lands on the moon.

The moon is smaller than the earth, so the pull of its gravity is weaker than that of the earth.If you went to the moon, you would not weigh as much as you do on the earth—but youwould still weigh enough to keep from falling off the moon.

4

When a Spaceship Lands on the Moon,Why Doesn’t It Fall Off?

What Does a Satellite Do?

Satellites do many things for people. Their most important job is helping peoplecommunicate with other people, wherever they are in the world.

• A satellite can carry a camera as it travels in its orbit and take pictures of the wholeearth. Mapmakers can use these pictures to make more accurate maps. Satellite pic-tures can also help experts predict the weather, because from the satellite, the cameracan actually see the weather coming. When you watch the weather forecast on TV, youare seeing pictures of the earth taken by a camera riding on a satellite.

• Satellites in orbit can send messages to a special receiver carried by someone on aship in the ocean or in a truck in the desert, telling that person exactly where he or she is.

• A satellite can relay your telephone call across the country or to the other side of theworld. If you decide to telephone your friend in Mexico City, your call can be sent up inspace to a satellite, then relayed to a ground station in Mexico and sent from there toyour friend’s telephone.

• A satellite can relay your computer message, fax message, or Internet data as well.With the help of satellites, we can fax, e-mail, or download information anyplace in theworld. When the satellite sends a message from your computer or fax to another com-puter or fax, it’s called data transmission. The satellite is transmitting, or sending, infor-mation or data.

• A satellite can transmit your favorite TV program from the studio where it is made toyour TV set—even if the studio is in Japan and your TV set is in Inglewood. From thestudio where it is made, a TV program is broadcast to a satellite. This is called anuplink. Then it is rebroadcast from the satellite to another place on the earth. This iscalled a downlink. To link means to connect. So uplink is connecting upward to thesatellite and downlink is connecting downward to earth.

When words or pictures or computer data are sent up to a satellite, they are first con-verted to an invisible stream of energy, called a signal. The signal travels up throughspace to the satellite and then travels down from the satellite to its destination, where itis converted back to a voice message, a picture, or data, so that the receiver canreceive it.

Some satellites have a digital signal processor, which is like a very powerful computer.While they orbit, these satellites can change the kind of work they do and the placesthey send signals.

5

How Big Is a Satellite?

Different kinds of satellites are used in different situations, for different purposes. Totalk about the sizes of satellites, we’ll use two examples: the Boeing 601, which isused mostly for direct broadcast TV and business communication networks, and theBoeing 702, which is used mostly for video distribution, satellite telephone andInternet services, and digital radio.

The Boeing 601 has a box-shaped center with several antennareflectors that look like big dinner plates. Long, wing-like struc-tures attach on two sides. These are the solar panels. The out-side of the solar panels is covered with solar cells, which convertthe sun’s energy to electricity. The bigger the panels, the moresolar cells are exposed to the sun, so the satellite can generatemore power.

When the Boeing 601 is first launched, its antenna reflectors andsolar panels are stowed—that is, put away—so it can fit inside alaunch vehicle. After launch, the satellite travels through spaceuntil it reaches its assigned orbital position. Then its reflectorsand solar panels deploy—that is, open or unfold into the rightposition for doing their work. A stowed Boeing601 is 12.6 feet (3.8) meters high. When thesatellite is deployed, the solar panels extend to awidth of 86 feet (26 meters).

Satellites weigh more at the beginning of life (BOL) in orbit than at theend. This is because they carry fuel for the thruster engines that keepthem in place in their orbits. As the fuel is used up, the satellite getslighter. The average Boeing 601 weighs 3800 pounds (1727 kg) at itsBOL in orbit. Satellites are built to weigh as little as possible, becauselifting a satellite into orbit costs about $15,000 per pound.

The typical Boeing 702 is a larger, more powerful satellite. With a 702,you can put two or three satellites’ worth of communication electronicsin orbit using one satellite and one launch. When the Boeing 702 isstowed for launch, it is 23 feet (7 meters) high. When the satellite isdeployed, the solar panels extend to a width of 157 feet (48 meters).The average Boeing 702 weighs 6505 pounds (2950 kg) at its BOL in orbit.Some satellites use special electric thrusters called XIPS, short forxenon ion propulsion system. XIPS fuel is a gas that weighs muchless than ordinary liquid fuel, yet XIPS is ten times more efficient.

6

Boeing 601

Stowed

Deployed

Boeing 702

Stowed

Deployed

Who Owns the Satellites?

Satellites are usually owned by companies or countries. The companies that own satel-lites usually want to make money by renting out part of the satellite to other companies.The countries or government agencies that own satellites want to make people’s livesbetter by improving the communication networks in their countries.

For example, Indonesia is a country made up of 13,677 islands whose people speakmore than 250 languages. Imagine how much time and money it would take to connectthem all with wires and telephone poles. Using satellites, Indonesia bridged all theislands at once and helped people learn the national language.

Being able to communicate better with people all over the world helps countries developtrading opportunities, increase business, and get information they need. Many coun-tries—including Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Japan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico,Norway, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States—are now increasing opportunities fortheir people by buying satellites.

Many large companies also own and operate satellites. They may rent space on thesatellite to other companies and businesses. For example, a large communication com-pany might buy a satellite and then rent space on the satellite to television companies,telephone companies, Internet service companies, and businesses that want to do busi-ness in other parts of the world.

A satellite operator can let its satellite "see" as much as one-third of our planet at atime, or it can shape the signal to reach a smaller area. For example, if you were theIndonesian telecommunications company, you might want your satellite signal to coveronly Indonesia, and not spill over into other countries. The satellite signal can beshaped to cover the exact area that the operator wants to reach. Some satellites candivide their signal into many movable spot beams. Like a tight, bright flashlight beam, aspot beam can be aimed at an exact small area on earth, then moved elsewhere toreach new or different customers.

The area of the earth’s surface covered by a satellite’s signal is called thesatellite’s footprint.

7

What’s Inside a Satellite?

Satellites have a great deal of equipment packed inside them. A satellite has sevensubsystems, and each one has its own work to do.

1. The propulsion subsystem includes the electric or chemical motor that brings thespacecraft to its permanent position, as well as small thrusters (motors) that help keepthe satellite in its assigned place in orbit. Satellites drift out of position because of solarwind or gravitational or magnetic forces. When that happens, the thrusters are fired tomove the satellite back into the right position in its orbit.

2. The power subsystem generates electricity from the solar panels on the outside ofthe spacecraft. The solar panels also store electricity in storage batteries, which providepower when the sun isn’t shining on the panels. The power is used to operate the com-munications subsystem. A Boeing 702 generates enough power at the end of its ser-vice life to operate two hundred 75-watt light bulbs.

3. The communications subsystem handles all the transmit and receive functions. Itreceives signals from the earth, amplifies or strengthens them, and transmits (sends)them to another satellite or to a ground station.

4. The structures subsystem distributes the stresses of launch and acts as a strong,stable framework for attaching the other parts of the satellite.

5. The thermal control subsystem keeps the active parts of the satellite cool enoughto work properly. It does this by directing the heat that is generated by satellite opera-tions out into space, where it won’t interfere with the satellite.

6. The attitude control subsystem maintains the communications "footprint" in thecorrect location. Satellites can’t be allowed to jiggle or wander, because if a satellite isnot exactly where it belongs, pointed at exactly the right place on the earth, the televi-sion program or the telephone call it transmits to you will be interrupted. When thesatellite gets out of position, the attitude control system tells the propulsion system tofire a thruster that will move the satellite back where it belongs.

7. Operators at the ground station need to be able to transmit commands to the satel-lite and to monitor its health. The telemetry and command subsystem provides a wayfor people at the ground stations to communicate with the satellite.

8

Launch Vehicles

LM-4 cutawayChina

TITANUnited States

ARIANEFrance

ARIANEFrance

PROTONRussia

SPACE SHUTTLEUnited States

ZENIT Sea LaunchUnited States

DELTAUnited States

LONG MARCHChina

Antenna

Boeing 601

Boeing 702

Boeing 376

Reflector

Solar panels

Reflectors

Antenna

Satellites

BSS 92Others 147

980031_001.ai

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18.0°W

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27.5°W

Intelsat 605

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PAS-3R, -6, -6B37.5°W

Telstar 11 (Orion 1)

42.5°W

Inmarsat II F-3 (I)

40.5°W

NSS-806

38.0°W

515

45.0°W

PAS-1R

50.0°W

Intelsat 705

25.5°W

Intelsat 905

8.0°W

Telecom 2D, Atlantic Bird 2

12.5°W

Eutelsat II F-2

13.0°W

Sirius W 11.0°W

Express 3A7.0°W

Nilesat 101, 102

74.0°W

SBS 6, G

alaxy VI

178.0°E Inmarsat III F-3, II F-1 (I); Intelsat 601

176.0°E Intelsat 702

154.0°E

JCSat 2, 2A(8)

31.5°W

Intelsat 801

90°E

135°E

180°

135°W

90°W

45°W

0°

45°E

Commercial Communications SatellitesGeosynchronous Orbit

BSS30 June 2002

83.0

°E

Insa

t 2E

/Inte

lsat

AP

R-1

, 3B

91.5°EM

easat 1

87.5

°E

Ch

inas

tar-

188

.0°E

ST

-1

180.0°E Intelsat 701

174.0°EIntelsat 802

172.0°ESpacenet 4

164.0°E

Optus A3 (I)

162.0°E

Superbird B2 (4)

160.0°E

Optus B1

156.0°E

Optus B3, Leasat F-5 (I)

177.0°WNSS-513

139.0°W

AMC-8

148.0°W

Echostar I

137.0°W

AMC-7

135.0°W

Satcom C4

133.0°W

Galaxy IR

131.0°W

Satcom C3

125.0

°W

Galaxy

V

127.0

°W

Galaxy IX

129.0°W

Telstar 7

120.

5°W

More

los

II (I)

111.

0°W

Ani

k E2

110.

0°W

Echo

star

V, D

irecT

V-1

105.5°E

Asiasat 3S

105.0°E

Asiastar

103.0°E

Express 2 (9)

100.5°E

Asiasat 2

109.0°E

Inmarsat II F-4

110.5°ESinosat/Intelsat A

PR-2

113.0°E

Palapa C2, K

oreasat 2

132.0°E

N-Star A

134.0°E

Apstar 1A

136.0°E

N-Star B

107.

5°W

Ani

k F1

106.

5°W

MS

AT-

1

105.

0°W

Gst

ar 4

101.

0°W

99.0

°W

HG

S-4

(I) (a

ka G

alax

y IV

) ; G

alax

y IV

R98

.0°W

Inm

arsa

t II

F-2

(I)

95.0

°WG

alax

y 3R

, 3C

, VIII

-i93

.0°W

Tel

star

692

.0°W

Bra

sils

at B

4

97.0

°W T

elst

ar 5

87.0°WA

MC

-3

89.0°WT

elstar 4

85.0°WA

MC

-2, XM

Ro

ll

84.0°W

Brasilsat B

3A

54.0°W

Inmarsat III F-4

53.0°W

Intelsat 706

30.0°W

Hispasat 1A, 1B, 1C

21.5°W

NSS-K, -803, -7 15.5°W

Inmarsat III F-2

5.0°ESirius 2, 3 5.2°E

Astra 1A

3.0°ETelecom 2A (I)

7.0°EEutelsat W3

10.0°EEutelsat W1 (R)

13.0°E

Hot Bird 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

23.5 °E

DFS Kopernikus 1 (F-3), Astra 3A

57.0°E

NSS-703

55.0°E

Insat 2DT (I)

50.0°E

Anatolia 1 (aka Palapa C1)

56.0°E

MOST-1

60.0

°E

Inte

lsat

904

62.0°E

Inte

lsat

902

64.0

°E

Inm

arsa

t III

F-1;

Inte

lsat

602

, 804

66.0

°E

Inte

lsat

704

68.5

°E

PAS-

7, -1

0

70.0

°E

Esia

fi 1

(I) (a

ka C

omst

ar D

4)72

.0°E

PAS-

4

103.

0°W

AM

C-1

33.0°E

Eutelsat I F-4 (I),

GALS 1

24.5°E

Inmarsat III F-5

24.0°E

Astra 1D

77.0°W

HG

S-5 (I) (aka S

BS

4)

116.0°E

Koreasat 3

93.5°EIn

sat 2C (I)

174.5°W

TDRS-5

72.0°W

Nahuel -1, A

MC

-6

128.0°E

JCSat 3, R(4)

124.0°E

JCSat 4A (6)

123.0°E

Garuda 1

PAS-2

169.0°E

Apstar 1

138.0°E

LMI AP 2 (Gorizont 30)

142.5°E42.5°E

NewSat 1 (aka Palapa B2R)

42.0°E

Turksat-1C, EurasiaSat 1

44.0°E

Thuraya 1

45.0°E

Europe*Star 1

47.0°E

Telecom 2B (I)

47.5°E

Europe*Star B (aka Koreasat 1

)48.0°E

Eutelsat II F-1 (I)

, Insat 2

A (I)

70.0°W

Brasilsat B

1

113.

0°W

Solid

arid

ad 2

115.

0°W

XM R

ock

78.5

°E

Thai

com

2, 3

117.

0°W

SatM

ex 5

Dir

ecTV

-2, 3

, 1R

, 4S

; MS

AT-

2; A

MC

-4

150.0°E

JCSat 1B (5)

19.2°E

Astra 1B, 1C, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, 2C

4.0°WAmos 1

144.0°E

Superbird C1

146.0°E

Agila 2

148.0°E

Measat 2

118.0°E

Palapa B4

Afristar

21.0°E

Eutelsat II F-3

21.5°E

30.5°E

Arabsat 2B

Arabsat 2A, 3A; PAS-5

26.0°E

79.0°W

AM

C-5, S

atcom C

1123.

0°W

Gala

xy X

R

120.0°E

Thaicom 1

122.0°E

Asiasat 1 (I)

158.0°E

Superbird A2

157.0°E

Intelsat 604

119.

0°W

Echos

tar I

I, IV

, VI,

VII; D

irecT

V-6, -

5; A

nik

E1

74.0

°E

Insa

t 1D

(I),

3C75

.0°E

LMI-1

55.5°W

Intelsat 709, 80547.0°W

TDRS-6

65.0°W

Brasilsat B2

58.0°W

PAS-9 A

psta

r 2R

(Tel

star

10)

76.5

°E

61.5°W

Echostar III

60.0°W

HGS-1 (I) (aka Asiasat 3)

63.0°W

Brasil 1(T) (aka Anik C1); Brasilsat A2

91.0

°WG

alax

y X

I, N

imiq

36.0°E

GALS 2 (I); Eutelsat W

4, SESAT

PAS-8

166.0°E

Astra 2A, 2B, 2D

28.2°E

Eurobird

28.5°E

25.5°E

Eutelsat II F-4

108.0°EC

akrawarta 1, Telkom

1, AA

P-1

15.0°W

Telstar 12 (Orion 2)

110.0°E

BS-3N

; BSA

T-1A, -1B

, 2A; N

-SAT-110

Note: (I) Inclined orbit

Sirius 163° Inclination between 140°W and 60°W

Sirius 2Sirius 3

MEOICO-A1

WhatSatellite?

is a Wh

WhatatSatellillite?e?

is ais a

© Boeing Satellite System

s, Inc. • 04/01 • 2500 • BSS 010196