what is a watershed? an area of land, from ridge top to ridge top, that collects, stores, and...
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What is a Watershed?
• An area of land, from ridge top to ridge top, that collects, stores, and releases water to a common point, such as a river or a lake
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What’s in a Watershed?
Streams RiversLakes WetlandsHills Mountains
Farms CitiesHousesHumansAnimalsPlants
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Watershed Components
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Watershed Processes
PrecipitationEvaporationInfiltrationRunoffErosion
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Impacts on Watershed
Land UsePollution
Too much of a good thingPoint SourcesNon-Point Sources
ErosionNaturalHuman-accelerated
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Watershed Study
PHYSICALWidth Water ColorDepth StreambankBottom Materials Shading (canopy)Soils/Rocks FlowTemperature DamsTurbidity Flow Alterations
BIOLOGICALBacteria AnimalsViruses FishPlankton PlantsMacroinvertebrates Algae
CHEMICALpH AlkalinityDissolved Oxygen BODConductivity ToxicsPhosphorus NitratesChlorine/Chloride Heavy Metals
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“Water Quality”
Water shed to stream = easier to measureWater Quality is primarily chemistry“Quality” is a value judgement based on intended use
Drinking waterRecreationAquatic life
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Water Quality Parameters
TemperatureDissolved OxygenBODpHAlkalinityTurbidity/Total Suspended SolidsPhosphorusNitrateChlorine/Chloride
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Temperature
Most aquatic organisms are poikilothermic - don’t internally regulate their body temp The rate of many chemical reactions increases at higher temperatures.Oxygen solubility as temperature Loss of riparian shadingWater inputs (Industrial, Groundwater, etc)Weather Turbidity can temperature
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Temperature
Measure of heatTemperature scalesEquipment
Data LoggersThermometers
0°C
32°F
100°C
212°F
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Dissolved Oxygen
Photosynthesis ( DO)Atmospheric Re-aeration ( DO)Inflow of oxygenated water ( DO)Respiration ( DO)Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( DO)Nitrification (NBOD) NH3 + O2 = NO3
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Dissolved Oxygen
Measure of O2 in water
BOD is difference in DO after 5 daysMeasures oxygen-consuming waste present in water
EquipmentDO meterWinkler titration
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pH
Organisms have optimal range (6.5 – 8.5)pH controls availability and “speciation” of many chemicalsPhotosynthesis ( pH)Respiration ( pH)“Acid” Rain (pH < 5.6) caused by NOx and SO2
Industrial Wastewater
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pH
Measure of hydrogen ion concentrationEquipment
Color indicatorspH Meter
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Alkalinity
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 – lime
Carbonic acid – CO2 + H2O = H2CO3
Bases (OH-)Phosphate (PO4
3-)
Wastewater Stormwater Runoff
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Alkalinity
Measure of acid buffering capacityEquipment
Acid (H2SO4) titration
pH endpoint (~pH 4.5) can be measured using color indicator or pH meterBromcresol Green-Methyl Red – changes from green to pink at pH 4.5
pH
Drops acid added
7.0
4.5
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Turbidity/Total Suspended Solids
Caused by sediment, algae and organic materialInhibits plant growthDecreases visibility for visual feedersInhibits gill respirationSmothers eggs
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90 Light Detector
Transmitted Light Detector
Light sourceTungsten Lamp
Lens Sample Vial
Turbidity
Measure of light scatteringEquipment
Secchi diskTurbidity tubeTurbidimeter
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Total Suspended Solids
Measure of solids in waterEquipment
Filter funnel1.0 m filterDrying ovenDessicator
Glass Fiber Filter(0.45 or 1.0 μm)
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Water sample
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
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Nutrients
Phosphorus and Nitrogen - essential “macronutrients” for plants and animalsUsually not obtained from air“Limiting nutrients”Excess can lead to Eutrophication
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Phosphorus
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP)aka orthophosphorus (PO4
3-), but due to pH, most will be HPO4
2- or H2PO4-
“bio-available” P
Total PhosphorusSRP + bound phosphorusP adsorbs to surfaces of organic & inorganics (suspended sediment)P absorbs into large organic & inorganics
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Nitrogen
Ammonia (NH3) and nitrate (NO3) are 2 most common formsAmmonia can be NH3 (toxic) or NH4
+ (ammonium)
Nitrate is VERY soluble & preferred N source for plants.Nitrate toxic >10 mg/L
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Chlorine and Chloride
Chlorine (Cl2)
Doesn’t occur naturallyUsed for water treatmentGood indicator of human impacts
Chloride (Cl-)Naturally present in saltsCan be an indicator of human impacts
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Nutrient Measurement
Colorimetry - Color ChangeColorimeter quantifies color change
Light Detector - Absorbance
Light sourceTungsten Lamp
Lens Sample Vial
Filter