What is Chemistry?

• The study of matter• Changes in matter• Experiments• Types of matter • Properties of matter• Learning about atoms and

molecules

Experimental ProcedureExperimental Procedure

General Pattern.. General Pattern..

TitleTitle

Problem: Problem: The question you are trying to The question you are trying to answeranswer

Prediction: Prediction: An educated guessAn educated guess

Materials neededMaterials needed: detailed list of : detailed list of everything neededeverything needed

Procedure: Procedure: An ordered list of how to do An ordered list of how to do the labthe lab

Observations:Observations: recorded information from recorded information from the lab (drawings, tables, charts)the lab (drawings, tables, charts)

Conclusion: Conclusion: What happened in the lab.What happened in the lab.

Making a CrystalMaking a CrystalProblemProblem: how do you make a crystal in the lab?: how do you make a crystal in the lab?PredictionPrediction: Over saturating a solution and allow it to cool slowly: Over saturating a solution and allow it to cool slowlyMaterials neededMaterials needed: 1. Borax flakes: 1. Borax flakes 2. HOT water 2. HOT water 3. Beaker/cup3. Beaker/cup 4. Tablespoon 4. Tablespoon 5. Pipe cleaner5. Pipe cleaner 6. Pencil6. Pencil 7. String7. String 8. Kettle8. KettleProcedureProcedure: : 1. Get all materials out.1. Get all materials out. 2. Boil 1 cup of water.2. Boil 1 cup of water. 3. Transfer hot water into a beaker/cup. 3. Transfer hot water into a beaker/cup. 4. Add 2 heaping tablespoons of Borax to the hot water.4. Add 2 heaping tablespoons of Borax to the hot water.5. Stir the Borax in to dissolve.5. Stir the Borax in to dissolve.6. Continue to add and stir in Borax until no more will dissolve. (This is 6. Continue to add and stir in Borax until no more will dissolve. (This is the saturated solution.)the saturated solution.)7. Attach a string tightly to the centre of the pencil.7. Attach a string tightly to the centre of the pencil. 8. On the other end of the string attach the pipe cleaner shaped into 8. On the other end of the string attach the pipe cleaner shaped into what ever you want your crystal to look like. what ever you want your crystal to look like. 9. Place the pencil across the top of the beaker so that the pipe 9. Place the pencil across the top of the beaker so that the pipe cleaner is completely covered by the saturated solution. It should not cleaner is completely covered by the saturated solution. It should not touch the bottom. (Wrap the string around the pencil to adjust the touch the bottom. (Wrap the string around the pencil to adjust the height of the pipe cleaner if necessary.)height of the pipe cleaner if necessary.)10. Leave the solution for 24 hours so that the crystals can form on the 10. Leave the solution for 24 hours so that the crystals can form on the pipe cleaner. pipe cleaner. Observation:Observation: Etc. Etc.

Science Equipment

Magnets Flasks and Cylinders Beakers

Distillation equipment

Flask and Petri dishes

Microscope

Classifying MatterClassifying Matter

Types of Matter

Solids Liquids Gases

Atoms and Molecules

Atoms are the smallest particles of matter

All things are made of atoms

Molecules are made of two or more atoms

Eg. Water, carbon dioxide, alcohol

SolidsSolids

• They are hard

• Their atoms are very closely packed

• They have a fixed shape

• Examples: rocks, wood, ice, paper, and plastic

LiquidsLiquids• They take the shape of the container They take the shape of the container

they are in.they are in.

• They flowThey flow

• The atoms aren’t as packed as in The atoms aren’t as packed as in solidssolids

• Examples: water, alcohol, Examples: water, alcohol,

vinegar, and popvinegar, and pop

GasesGases

Many are invisibleMany are invisible The atoms are very spread outThe atoms are very spread out They take the shape of the They take the shape of the

container they are incontainer they are in Air is made of gases such as: Air is made of gases such as:

nitrogen, COnitrogen, CO2 , 2 , oxygen, and water oxygen, and water vaporvapor

Mixtures

Made of two or more different types of particles.

It may be a solid, liquid or a gas.Examples: Gravel (solid), Kool-Aid (liquid),

Air (gas)Mmmmmmm

ice cream!

Solutions

They are mixtures made of a solute(s) and a solvent.

The parts are not visible Examples: sugar water, salt water, perfume,

Kool-Aid, and tap water

SuspensionsSuspensions

Mixtures made of a Mixtures made of a solid and a liquidsolid and a liquid

If you leave it long If you leave it long enough the solid will enough the solid will settle out.settle out.

Examples: water and Examples: water and flour, any kind of flour, any kind of medicine you have to medicine you have to shake, and a mud shake, and a mud puddlepuddle

Mud puddle suspension

Water Properties Water Properties

• Boiling Point = 100Boiling Point = 100ooCC• Freezing Point = 0Freezing Point = 0ooCC• Ice is less dense than Ice is less dense than

water (and will float)water (and will float)• Water has high surface Water has high surface

tension. This means tension. This means the water molecules the water molecules like to stick together like to stick together and when that happens and when that happens it makes it hard to it makes it hard to break through the top break through the top layer. Some bugs are layer. Some bugs are able to walk on water.able to walk on water.

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a gas Carbon dioxide will put out a fire You can make carbon dioxide by

reacting vinegar and baking soda. We breathe out carbon dioxide Trees breathe in carbon dioxide

Reversible vs. Irreversible ChangesReversible vs. Irreversible Changes

A reversible change is where you can A reversible change is where you can change what you just did back to change what you just did back to what was before. what was before.

An irreversible change is where you An irreversible change is where you can’t change the material you just can’t change the material you just made back to what is was before.made back to what is was before.

Examples: crystals are a reversible Examples: crystals are a reversible change and baking soda and vinegar change and baking soda and vinegar is an irreversible change. is an irreversible change.

Evidence for a Chemical Change

The ways you can tell that a chemical change has happened are there has been:Color changePrecipitateBubbles formedEnergy release

Acids, Neutrals and Bases

On a “pH” scale an acid is “pH=0” a neutral is “pH=7” and a base is “pH=14”

Examples of neutrals are water and milk Examples of acids are vinegar, coke and

lemon juice Example of a base is soapy water.

Bibliography

• www.fotosearch.com• www.clipart.com• www.cofc.edu/.../111LectWeek1_files/image00

8.jpg• http://cmm.cit.nih.gov/modeling/guide_docume

nts/graphics_representations.html• http://www.pbase.com/shaun/image/47924288• http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Park/207

0/ohyea3.GIF