what is consumer buying behavior
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
1/24
What is Consumer Buying Behavior?
Definition of Buying Behavior:
Buying Behavior is the decision processes and acts of people involved in buying and using
products.
Need to understand:
why consumers make the purchases that they make?
what factors influence consumer purchases?
the changing factors in our society.
Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the buying behavior of the ultimate consumer. A firm
needs to analyze buying behavior for:
Buyers reactions to a firms marketing strategy has a great impact on the firms success. The marketing concept stresses that a firm should create aMarketing Mix(MM) that
satisfies (gives utility to) customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when
and how consumers buy.
Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond to marketing strategies.
Return to Contents List
Stages of the Consumer Buying Process
Six Stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process (For complex decisions). Actual
purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to a purchase. All
consumer decisions do not always include all 6 stages, determined by the degree of
complexity...discussed next.
The 6 stages are:
1. Problem Recognition(awareness of need)--difference between the desired state andthe actual condition. Deficit in assortment of products. Hunger--Food. Hunger
stimulates your need to eat.
Can be stimulated by the marketer through product information--did not know you
were deficient? I.E., see a commercial for a new pair of shoes, stimulates yourrecognition that you need a new pair of shoes.
2. Information search--o Internal search, memory.
o External search if you need more information. Friends and relatives (word of
mouth). Marketer dominated sources; comparison shopping; public sources
etc.
A successful information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives, the evoked
set.
Hungry, want to go out and eat, evoked set is
http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt1.html#mixhttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt1.html#mixhttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt1.html#mixhttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt1.html#mix -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
2/24
o chinese food
o indian food
o burger king
o klondike kates etc
3. Evaluation of Alternatives--need to establish criteria for evaluation, features the buyer
wants or does not want. Rank/weight alternatives or resume search. May decide thatyou want to eat something spicy, indian gets highest rank etc.
If not satisfied with your choice then return to the search phase. Can you think of
another restaurant? Look in the yellow pages etc. Information from different sources
may be treated differently. Marketers try to influence by "framing" alternatives.
4. Purchase decision--Choose buying alternative, includes product, package, store,method of purchase etc.
5. Purchase--May differ from decision, time lapse between 4 & 5, product availability.6. Post-Purchase Evaluation--outcome: Satisfaction or Dissatisfaction. Cognitive
Dissonance, have you made the right decision. This can be reduced by warranties,after sales communication etc.
After eating an indian meal, may think that really you wanted a chinese meal instead.
Handout...Pillsbury 1-800#s
1-800 #s gives the consumer a way of communicating with the marketer after purchase. This
helps reduce cognitive dissonance when a marketer can answer any concerns of a new
consumer.
Return to Contents List
Types of Consumer Buying Behavior
Types of consumer buying behavior are determined by:
Level of Involvement in purchase decision. Importance and intensity of interest in a
product in a particular situation.
Buyers level of involvement determines why he/she is motivated to seek information
about a certain products and brands but virtually ignores others.
High involvement purchases--Honda Motorbike, high priced goods, products visible to
others, and the higher the risk the higher the involvement. Types of risk:
Personal risk
Social risk
Economic risk
The four type of consumer buying behavior are:
Routine Response/Programmed Behavior--buying low involvement frequently
purchased low cost items; need very little search and decision effort; purchased
almost automatically. Examples include soft drinks, snack foods, milk etc.
Limited Decision Making--buying product occasionally. When you need to obtain
information about unfamiliar brand in a familiar product category, perhaps. Requires
http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contents -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
3/24
a moderate amount of time for information gathering. Examples include Clothes--
know product class but not the brand.
Extensive Decision Making/Complex high involvement, unfamiliar, expensive and/or
infrequently bought products. High degree of economic/performance/psychological
risk. Examples include cars, homes, computers, education. Spend alot of time seeking
information and deciding.Information from the companies MM; friends and relatives, store personnel etc. Go
through all six stages of the buying process.
Impulse buying, no conscious planning.
The purchase of the same product does not always elicit the same Buying Behavior. Product
can shift from one category to the next.
For example:
Going out for dinner for one person may be extensive decision making (for someone that
does not go out often at all), but limited decision making for someone else. The reason for the
dinner, whether it is an anniversary celebration, or a meal with a couple of friends will also
determine the extent of the decision making.
Return to Contents List
Factors affecting consumer buying behavior
Why do we need to learn about consumer buying behavior? The simple answer is that no
longer can we take the customers for granted. Consumer buying behavior
determines how our consumers decide to buy our product and what are the various
factors responsible for this decision?
Out of 11000 new products introduced by 77 companies, only 56% are present after 5
years. Only 8% of new product concepts offered by 112 leading companies reached the
market. Out of that 83% failed to meet marketing objectives. What we need to
understand here is why consumers make the purchases that they make, what factors
influence consumer purchases and changing factors in our society
The central focus of marketing is the consumer. To devise good marketing plans, it is
necessary to examine consumer behavioral attributes and needs, lifestyles, and purchase
processes and then make proper marketing-mix decisions. The study of Consumer
behavior includes the study of what they buy, why they buy, how they buy, when theybuy, from where they buy, and how often they buy. An open-minded consumer-oriented
approach is imperative in todays diverse global marketplace so a firm can identify and
serve its target market, minimize dissatisfaction, and stay ahead of competitors. Final
consumers purchase for personal, family, or household use.
Major Factors affecting consumer buying behavior
http://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contentshttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html#contents -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
4/24
Cultural factors affecting consumer buying behaviour: Cultural factors have a
significant impact on customer behavior.Culture is the most basic cause of a persons
wants and behavior. Growing up, children learn basic values, perception and wants from
the family and other important groups. Marketers are always trying to spot cultural
shifts which might point to new products that might be wanted by customers or to
increased demand.
Social factors affecting consumer buying behaviour: A customers buying
behavior is also influenced by social factors, such as the groups to which the customer
belongs and social status.
Each culture contains sub-cultures groups of people with share values. Sub-cultures
can include nationalities, religions, racial groups, or groups of people sharing the same
geographical location. Sometimes a sub-culture will create a substantial and distinctive
market segment of its own. For example, the youth culture or club culture has quite
distinct values and buying characteristics from the much older gray generation
Similarly, differences in social class can create customer groups. In fact, the official six
social classes in the UK are widely used to profile and predict different customer
behavior. In the UKs socioeconomic classification scheme, social class is not just
determined by income. It is measured as a combination of occupation,
income, education, wealth and other variables
Consumer purchases are influenced strongly by or there are four factors.
01. Cultural Factor
02. Social Factor
03. Personal Factor
04. Psychological Factor.
http://a.imageshack.us/img580/5684/consumerbuyingbehaviour.png -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
5/24
01. Cultural Factor :-
Cultural factor divided into three sub factors (i) Culture (ii) Sub Culture (iii)Social Classo Culture:-
The set of basic values perceptions, wants, and behaviourslearned by a member of society from family and other
important institutions. Culture is the most basic cause of apersons wants and behaviour. Every group or society has a
culture, and cultural influences on buying behaviour may varygreatly from country to country.
o Sub Culture :- A group of people with shared value systems based on common
life experiences and situations. Each culture contains smaller sub cultures a group of people
with shared value system based on common life experiencesand situations. Sub culture includes nationalities, religions,
racial group and geographic regions. Many sub culture make upimportant market segments and marketers often design
products.o Social Class:-
Almost every society has some form of social structure, socialclasses are societys relatively permanent and ordered
divisions whose members share similar values, interests andbehaviour.
02. Social Factors :-
A consumers behaviour also is influenced by social factors, such as the (i)Groups (ii) Family (iii) Roles and status
o Groups :- Two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or
mutual goals. A persons behavious is influenced by many small groups.
Groups that have a direct influence and to which a personbelongs are called membership groups.
Some are primary groups includes family, friends, neighboursand coworkers. Some are secondary groups, which are more
formal and have less regular interaction. These includesorganizations like religious groups, professional association and
trade unions.o Family:-
Family members can strongly influence buyer behaviour. Thefamily is the
the most important consumer buying organization society andit has been researched extensively. Marketers are interested inthe roles, and influence ofthe husband, wife and children on
the purchase of different products and services.
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
6/24
o Roles and Status :- A person belongs to many groups, family, clubs, organizations. The persons position in each group can be defined in terms of
both role and status. For example. M & X plays the role of father, in his family he
plays the role of husband, in his company, he plays the role ofmanager, etc. A Role consists of the activities people are
expected to perform according to the persons around them.
03. Personal Factors :-
It includes i) Age and life cycle stage (ii) Occupation (iii) Economic situation (iv) Life
Style (v) Personality and self concept.o Age and Life cycle Stage:-
People changes the goods and services they buy over theirlifetimes. Tastes in food, clothes, furniture, and recreation are
often age related. Buying is also shaped by the stage of thefamily life cycle.
o Occupation :- A persons occupation affects the goods and services bought.
Blue collar workers tend to buy more rugged work clothes,whereas white-collar workers buy more business suits. A Co.can even specialize in making products needed by a given
occupational group. Thus, computer software companies willdesign different products for brand managers, accountants,
engineers, lawyers, and doctors.
o Economic situation :- A persons economic situation will affect product choice
o Life Style :- Life Style is a persons Pattern of living, understanding these
forces involves measuring consumers major AIO dimensions. i.e. activities (Work, hobbies, shopping, support etc) interest
(Food, fashion, family recreation) and opinions (aboutthemselves, Business, Products)
o Personality and Self concept :- Each persons distinct personality influence his or her buying
behaviour. Personality refers to the unique psychologicalcharacteristics that lead to relatively consistent and lasting
responses to ones own environment.
04. Psychological Factors :-
It includes these Factors. i) Motivation (ii) Perception (iii) Learning (iv) Beliefs and attitudes
Motivation :-
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
7/24
o Motive (drive) a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the personto seek satisfaction of the need
Perception :-o The process by which people select, Organize, and interpret
information to form a meaningful picture of the world.
Learning:-o Changes in an individuals behaviour arising from experience.
Beliefs and attitudes :-o Belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something
o Attitude, a Persons consistently favourable or unfavourableevaluations, feelings, and tendencies towards an object or idea
Singaporean consumer buying behavior towardsdetergent powder across hypermarket and
supermarket retail formats [permalink]Singaporean rapid growth of household consumption in the competitivemarket of hypermarket and supermarket retailer have present the unique pattern ofconsumer buying behavior, since there are few consideration before the buyingdecision is made. Detergent powder buying decision will represent thecharacteristic consumer behavior; including what factors is most affecting thedecision-making. The research identifies non-marketing and marketing variablesas the factors affecting consumer decision making towards buying detergentpowder. Using the multiple regression analysis on SPSS statistic, it is found thatthe marketing and non-marketing factor does affect the consumer buyingbehavior. The most affecting factor in the detergent powder buying decision is the
promotion of the product, also cultural and personal condition of the consumer.personal-image factors have positive relationship and significant but price havepositive relationship but not significant towards customer satisfaction. from this 3new factors, quality factors have the most dominant contribution towards customersatisfcation
MARKETING MIX
In the previous lesson you learnt that marketing identifies consumers needs andsupplies
various goods and services to satisfy those needs most effectively. So thebusinessmanneeds to: (a) produce or manufacture the product according to consumers need; (b)make available it at a price that the consumers find reasonable; (c) supply theproduct tothe consumers at different outlets they can conveniently approach; and (d) inform theconsumers about the product and its characteristics through the media they haveaccessto.So the marketing manager concentrates on four major decision areas while planningthe
marketing activities, namely, (i) products, (ii) price, (iii) place (distribution) and
http://dewey.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe_dg_5491.htmlhttp://dewey.petra.ac.id/jiunkpe_dg_5491.html -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
8/24
(iv) promotion. These 4 Ps are called as elements of marketing and together theyconstitutethe marketing mix. All these are inter-related because a decision in one area affectsdecisionsin other areas. In this lesson you will learn about the basic aspects relating to these
4Psviz., product, price, place and promotion.
OBJECTIVESAfter studying this lesson, you will be able to :explain the concept of marketing mix and its components;explain the meaning of product and its classification;state the various factors affecting pricing decisions;describe different methods of pricing;state the meaning of channels of distribution;identify the various channels of distribution;
state the factors affecting choice of a channel of distribution; andexplain the concepts of promotion and promotion mix.Senior SecondaryNotes
102MODULE -5Marketing
20.1 CONCEPT AND COMPONENTS OF MARKETING MIXMarketing involves a number of activities. To begin with, an organisation may decideonits target group of customers to be served. Once the target group is decided, theproductis to be placed in the market by providing the appropriate product, price, distributionandpromotional efforts. These are to be combined or mixed in an appropriate proportionsoas to achieve the marketing goal. Such mix of product, price, distribution andpromotionalefforts is known as Marketing Mix.According to Philip Kotler Marketing Mix is the set of controllable variables that thefirmcan use to influence the buyers response. The controllable variables in this context
referto the 4 Ps [product, price, place (distribution) and promotion]. Each firm strives tobuild up such a composition of 4Ps, which can create highest level of consumersatisfactionand at the same time meet its organisational objectives. Thus, this mix is assembledkeepingin mind the needs of target customers, and it varies from one organisation to anotherdepending upon its available resources and marketing objectives. Let us now have abriefidea about the four components of marketing mix.Product : Product refers to the goods and services offered by the organisation. A
pair of
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
9/24
shoes, a plate of dahi-vada, a lipstick, all are products. All these are purchasedbecausethey satisfy one or more of our needs. We are paying not for the tangible product butforthe benefit it will provide. So, in simple words, product can be described as a bundle
ofbenefits which a marketeer offers to the consumer for a price. While buying a pair ofshoes, we are actually buying comfort for our feet, while buying a lipstick we areactuallypaying for beauty because lipstick is likely to make us look good. Product can alsotakethe form of a service like an air travel, telecommunication, etc. Thus, the termproductrefers to goods and services offered by the organisation for sale.Price: Price is the amount charged for a product or service. It is the second mostimportant
element in the marketing mix. Fixing the price of the product is a tricky job. Manyfactorslike demand for a product, cost involved, consumers ability to pay, prices charged bycompetitors for similar products, government restrictions etc. have to be kept in mindwhile fixing the price. In fact, pricing is a very crucial decision area as it has its effectondemand for the product and also on the profitability of the firm.Place: Goods are produced to be sold to the consumers. They must be madeavailable tothe consumers at a place where they can conveniently make purchase. Woollens aremanufactured on a large scale in Ludhiana and you purchase them at a store fromthenearby market in your town. So, it is necessary that the product is available at shopsinyour town. This involves a chain of individuals and institutions like distributors,wholesalersand retailers who constitute firms distribution network (also called a channel ofdistribution).The organisation has to decide whether to sell directly to the retailer or through thedistributors/wholesaler etc. It can even plan to sell it directly to consumers. Thechoice is
guided by a host of factors about which you will learn later in this chapter.Business Studies 103NotesMODULE-5Marketing
Promotion: If the product is manufactured keeping the consumer needs in mind, isrightlypriced and made available at outlets convenient to them but the consumer is notmadeaware about its price, features, availability etc, its marketing effort may not besuccessful.Therefore promotion is an important ingredient of marketing mix as it refers to a
process
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
10/24
of informing, persuading and influencing a consumer to make choice of the productto bebought. Promotion is done through means of personal selling, advertising, publicityandsales promotion. It is done mainly with a view to provide information to prospective
consumers about the availability, characteristics and uses of a product. It arousespotentialconsumers interest in the product, compare it with competitors product and makehischoice. The proliferation of print and electronic media has immensely helped theprocessof promotion.Marketing Mix : A birds eye viewPricePlace(Distribution)
TargetCustomerProduct PromotionHaving acquainted ourselves with the broad nature of the four components ofmarketing
mix, let us now learn some important aspects of each one of these in detail in the
following Surf
Dominating the washing powders markets in Pakistan for four decades; Surf hascontinued to change according to consumer needs. Being a pioneer, Surf had towork hard to gain acceptance in the early days. To educate housewives about itsuse, house to house demonstration were organized in Lahore and Karachi. Freesample and coupons were also distributed to recruit consumer. There has been nolooking back since the brand has undergone numerous product qualityimprovements to offer best cleaning results. Over the year, there has been a shiftfrom cartons to poly ags and emergence of low unit price packs.
With continuous technological innovations, the brand has always managed to fightoff competition. Surf Excel, which hit the shops recently, has already gained a
reputation for the best in the market
MISSION STATEMENT
We are the leading consumer products company in Pakistan, a multinational withdeep roots in the country.
We serve the everyday needs of all consumers everywhere for foods, hygiene andbeauty through branded products and services that deliver the best quality andvalue.
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
11/24
Our bands capture the hearts of consumers through outstanding communication
Through managing a responsive supply chain, we maximize value from suppliers tocustomers
We are exemplary through our commitment to business ethics, Safety, Health,Environmentalist and involvement in the community.
Current Market Situation
Market Description
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
12/24
Product Review
A comparison of cost price with sale price of Products in product line.
Surf Excel
Quantity Cost Price in Rupees Sale Price in Rupees
25 grams 4.7 5
50 grams 9.5 10
115 grams 19 20
500 grams 110.50 115
1000 grams 199.50 210
2000 grams 385 405
Unilever Products B.C.G Matrix
Star
Ponds skin cream
Question mark
Cash cow
Surf Excel
Sun silk Shampoo
Dog
Lifebuoy Shampoo
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
13/24
Surf Excel:
Surf Excel is a product of Unilever which is at growth stage as it has large market.
In Market Surf Excel 50 grams has huge market share with respect to other Sashes.
While demand of 500 grams is very low.50 grams is facilitating the class B andLower B.
And 500 grams are facilitating the Class A and Class B+.
A Review of Competition
Ariel
History
When we talk about P & G then question arises what stands for it, basicallyit stands for Proctor & Gamble. Basically it came into existence in 1837 inqueen city of west.
William Procter quickly established himself as a candle maker. James Gambleapprenticed himself to a soap maker. Soon they started to work combine in1837, a bold new enterprise was born: Procter & Gamble.On April 12, 1837,William Procter and James Gamble start making and selling their soap andcandles. On August 22, they formalize their business relationship by pledging$3,596.47 apiece. The formal partnership agreement is signed on October 31,
1837.
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
14/24
They are also in the process to facilitate on the base of providing washingpowder.
Need
Use for the purpose to wash the cloths
Customer Benefit
Ariel is associating the brand with customer on the bases to give them superiorquality and makes the ground for customer to provide a theme which cause to havehappiness.
TARGET MARKET OF ARIEL
Ariel has adopted the strategy of market aggregation. ARIEL target market includes
Middle Class, Upper Middle Class and Upper Classes of the population of Pakistan.The Ladies of Pakistan who are very conscious about their family.
MARKETING POSITIONING
Ariel is considered to be a trusted and premium brand of Pakistan. Procter andGamble is positioning their product in the best of their customer satisfaction. Ascharging money they are positioning their product as best use as well as providingquality in response.
They are focusing on the quality and they are also in a motive to facilitate thecustomer as providing a whole range which they can.
Price Comparison with differentPlayers
Brand Name Quantity Price in rupees
Surf Excel 1000 grams 210
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
15/24
Ariel 1000 grams 210
Brite 1000 grams 170
Express Power 1000 grams 125
Bonus 1000 grams 60
A Review of Distribution
Distributors
Distributors are the institution through which availability of products is possible.Unilevers distributors have a very good relationship with them. and the importantthing is that they must integrated into total marketing mix because of time and moneyrequired to setup an efficient channel.
Unilever has Six distributors in Lahore which are as follow.
Allied Marketing at Gulberg II
Shahzad Brothers Enterprises at Murgi Hana
Sigma at Kotlakhpat
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
16/24
Munner & Phips at Sham Nagar
Munner & Phips at Ravi Road
Munner & Phips at Johar Town
DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES
Unilever uses the following multiple channel of distribution.
Wholesaler
Distributor
Retailer
Consumer
Company
Consumer
Retailer
Distributor
Company
Unileveruses a lot of distributors and retailers to supply its products in each marketwhere the final customer might reasonably look for it. While appointing a distributor
for a particular area, management uses its own judgment to select such a personthat has a potential to operate effectively.At present Situation for Surf Excel they are
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
17/24
focusing by intensive manners and for new products like Surf Excel Matic they arefocusing the distibution channal by Exclusive manners.
Effect of Distribution on sales trend
Designing of channel for Surf Excel
Unilever has adopted the method of intensive distribution for Surf Excel because thetarget market of this product is segmented for washing cloths using any method.
The customer want to purchase this product from nearest shop as this isconvenience product.
Market Potential
Detergent Market is growing by 16% intensively.
At present Consumer prefer detergent on the base of quality.
Pakistani Peoples are moving from rural areas to urban areas as lifestyle is changing.
Advertising is promoting the detergents by comparing thefunctionality of different detergents and laundry Soaps.
Increase awareness of usage benefit of detergent.
]
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
18/24
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Enjoying economies of scale
Good will in the market
Strong financial position
Surf has become the generic name in detergents
Have Strong distribution channel in Pakistan
Abundant financial resources
Well-known brand name
Well brand image
Committed employees
Weakness
Huge inventory stocks of raw material
Weak spending on R & D
Internal operating problems
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
19/24
Opportunities
Rapid market growth
Changing customers needs & wants as life style change
To create relation with society on the social marketing basis
Pakistan peoples moves from soap to detergent
Threats
There is very tough competition in detergents markets
Low profit margins
Smuggled brands of CHINA
New competition in the market
Increases in taxes
Increases in prices due to fuel prices
Objectives
The objectives of the Surf Excel is
-
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
20/24
To meet the everyday needs of people everywhere to anticipate the aspirations ofconsumers and customers and to respond creatively and competitively with brandedproducts and services, which raise the quality of life.
Total commitment to exceptional standards of performance and productivity, to
working together effectively and to a willingness to embrace new ideas and learncontinuously.
To maintain highest standards of corporate behavior towards employees, consumersand the societies and world to acquire success.
The major points are as fallows.
Sales growth
Revenue
Market positioning
Enhance Market shares
Customer satisfaction
Goodwill & reputation
IssuesLaundry detergent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:navigation,search
Laundry powder
Laundry detergent, orwashing powder, is a substance that is a type ofdetergent(cleaning
agent) that is added for cleaninglaundry. In common usage, "detergent" refers to mixtures ofchemical compounds including alkylbenzenesulfonates, which are similar to soap but are less
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plastic_spoon_n_Laundry_detergent_n_Washing_powder_in_white.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plastic_spoon_n_Laundry_detergent_n_Washing_powder_in_white.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plastic_spoon_n_Laundry_detergent_n_Washing_powder_in_white.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plastic_spoon_n_Laundry_detergent_n_Washing_powder_in_white.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#mw-head -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
21/24
affected by "hard water." In most household contexts, the term detergent refers to laundry
detergentvs hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Most detergent is delivered in
powdered form.[1]
Contents[hide]
1 History
2 Chemistry of detergents
3 Components
o 3.1 Builders
o 3.2 Bleach
o 3.3 Enzymes
o 3.4 Other ingredients
4 Environmental concerns 5 References
6 External links
[edit] History
From ancient times, chemical additives were recognized for their ability to facilitate the
mechanical washing with water. The Italians used a mix of sulfur and water with charcoal to
clean cloth. Egyptians added ashes and silicates to soften water. Soaps were the first
detergents.
[2]
The detergent effects of certain synthetic surfactants were noted in Germany in1917, in response to shortages of soap duringWorld War I. In the 1930s, commercially viable
routes tofatty alcoholswere developed, and these new materials were converted to their
sulfate esters, key ingredients in the commercially important German brand FEWA, produced
byBASF, andDreft, the US brand produced byProcter and Gamble. Such detergents were
mainly used in industry until afterWorld War II. By then, new developments and the later
conversion ofaviation fuelplants to produce tetrapropylene, used inhouseholddetergents,
caused a fast growth of domestic use in the late 1940s.[3]
The use of enzymes for laundry was introduced in the early part of the 1900s byOtto Rohm.
Only in the latter part of the century with the availability of thermally robust bacterial
enzymes did this technology become mainstream.[4]
At the present time, soap has largely been displaced as the main cleaning agent in developed
countries. Soap is, by weight, relatively ineffective, and it is highly sensitive to deactivation
by hard water. By the 1950s, soap had almost been completely replaced by branched
alkylbenzenesulfonates, but these detergents were found to be poorly biodegradable.Linear
alkylbenzenesulfonates (LABs), however, proved to be both highly effective in cleaning and
more biodegradable than the branched relatives. LABs remain the main detergents used
domestically. Other detergents that have been developed include the linearalkylsulfonates
and olefinsulfonates, which also resist deactivation by hard water. Both remain specialty
products, for example only an estimated 60 million kilograms of the sodium alkylsulfonates
are produced annually.[5]During the early development of non-soap surfactants as
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Chemistry_of_detergentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Chemistry_of_detergentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Buildershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Buildershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Other_ingredientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Other_ingredientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Environmental_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Environmental_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_and_Gamblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_and_Gamblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_and_Gamblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Rohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Rohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Rohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Rohmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procter_and_Gamblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organosulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_alcoholhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Environmental_concernshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Other_ingredientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Buildershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Componentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Chemistry_of_detergentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
22/24
commercial cleaning products, the termsyndet, short forsynthetic detergent, was promoted to
indicate the distinction from so-called natural soaps.
[edit] Chemistry of detergents
Main article:detergent
Many kinds of molecules and ions can serve as high-efficiencysurfactants. They are oftenclassified according to the charge of the molecule or ion, the three main classes being
anionic, neutral, and cationic detergents. Anionic detergents are most commonly encountered
for domestic laundry detergents. Detergents are ions or molecules that contain both polar and
nonpolar components. The polar component allows the detergent to dissolve in the water,
whereas the nonpolar portion solubilizes greasy ("hydrophobic") materials that are the usual
target of the cleaning process. An estimated 6 billion kilograms of detergents are produced
annually for domestic markets.[5]
Three kinds of anionic detergents: branch alkylbenzenesulfonates, linear alkylbenzenesulfonates,
and a soap.
[edit] Components
Modern detergent formulations - the entire product vs just the surfactant - contain several
components. Three main ingredients are builders (50% by weight, approximately), thealkylbenzenesulfonate surfactant(15%), and bleaches (7%).[5]
[edit] Builders
Builders arewater softeners. These chemical compounds are agents that remove calcium ions
by complexation or precipitation. Typical builders aresodium carbonate, complexation
agents, soap, andzeolites. They function by sequestering or precipitating the problematic
ions. One of the most common builders issodium triphosphate, which is used on very large
scale for this application.
[edit] Bleach
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_dodecylbenzenesulfonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_dodecylbenzenesulfonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detergents.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detergents.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detergents.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detergents.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_softenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_dodecylbenzenesulfonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=2 -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
23/24
Main article:Bleach
The main targets of bleaches are of vegetable origin includechlorophyll,anthocyanindyes,
tannins,humic acids, andcarotenoidpigments. Most bleaches in laundry detergents are
oxidizers, e.g.,sodium perborateorsodium hypochlorite, In addition, other agents are added
as "bleach activators", to enhance the effectiveness of the bleaching agent; a popular one istetraacetylethylenediamine.
[edit] Enzymes
Main article:Biological detergent
Many laundry detergents containenzymes. The amounts of enzyme can be up to about 2% byweight of the product. These agents are required to degrade recalcitrant stains composed of
proteins,fats, orcarbohydrates. Each type of stain requires a different type of enzyme, i.e.,
proteasefor proteins, lipases for greases, andamylasesfor carbohydrates.
[edit] Other ingredients
Many other ingredients are added depending on the specific application. Such additives
modify thefoamingproperties of the product by eitherstabilizingorcounteractingfoam.
Other ingredients increase or decrease the viscosity of the solution, or solubilize other
ingredients. Corrosion inhibitors counteract damage to washing equipment. "Dye transfer
inhibitors" prevent dyes from one article from colouring other items. "Antiredeposition
agents" are used to prevent fine soil particles from reattaching to the product being cleaned.
Carboxymethyl celluloseis used for this purpose.[5]
A number of ingredients affect aesthetic properties of the item to be cleaned or the detergent
itself before or during use. These agents includeoptical brighteners, fabric softeners, and
colourants. A variety ofperfumesare also components of modern detergents, provided that
they are compatible with the other components and do not affect the colour of the cleaned
item. The perfumes are typically a mixture of many compounds, a popular component being
cyclohexyl salicylate, which is related tooil of wintergreen.[5]
[edit] Environmental concerns
Early in the introduction of sulfonate-based detergents, concerns were voiced over the lowrates ofbiodegradationof the branched alkylbenzenesulfonates. This problem was addressed
by the introduction of linear alkylbenzenesulfonates.[6]
A more profound problem arises from the heavy use ofsodium triphosphate, which can
comprise up to 50% by weight of detergents. The discharge of soluble phosphates into natural
waters has led to problem witheutrophicationof lakes and streams. The replacement of
sodium triphosphate byzeolitesoffers some relief to this problem.[5]With respect to the
phosphate additives, between 1940 and 1970 "the amount ofphosphatesin city wastewater
increased from 20,000 to 150,000 tons per year."[7]With the increase in phosphates,algal
bloomsgrew splendidly on the excess phosphorus and consumed most of the oxygen in the
waters, killing fish and plants.[7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_perboratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_perboratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_perboratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraacetylethylenediaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraacetylethylenediaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foam_stabilizers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foam_stabilizers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foam_stabilizers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-foaming_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-foaming_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-foaming_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_brightenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_brightenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_brightenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_of_wintergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_of_wintergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Outwater-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeolitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_of_wintergreenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_brightenerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-Ullmann-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxymethyl_cellulosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-foaming_agenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foam_stabilizers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amylasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_detergenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laundry_detergent&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraacetylethylenediaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hypochloritehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_perboratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotenoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocyaninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach -
7/29/2019 What is Consumer Buying Behavior
24/24
In 2004, theEuropean Unionintroduced regulations to require biodegradability in all
detergents,[8]and intends to ban phosphates in domestic products from 2013.[9]
Australia began phasing out the use of phosphates in its detergents in 2011, with an all-out
ban expected to take effect in 2014.[10]
Pursuant to findings published in 2006 by theShenkar College of Engineering and Design
indicating that liquid detergents are "much more environment-friendly" than powdered
detergents, Israel'sMinistry of the Environmentbegan recommending that consumers prefer
liquid detergent over powdered ones "for laundry which is not heavily stained."[11]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Israel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Israel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Israel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Israel)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenkar_College_of_Engineering_and_Designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry_detergent#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union