what is culture?
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What is Culture?. Part II. Problems with the Globalization of Culture. Often Destroys Folk Culture – or preserves traditions as museum pieces or tourism gimmicks. Mexican Mariachis; Polynesian Navigators; Cruise Line Simulations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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What is Culture?
Part II
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Problems with the Globalization of Culture
Often Destroys Folk Culture – or preserves traditions as museum pieces or tourism gimmicks.
· Mexican Mariachis; Polynesian Navigators; Cruise Line Simulations
· Change in Traditional Roles and Values; Polynesian weight problems
Satellite Television, Baja California
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Western Media Imperialism?· U.S., Britain, and Japan dominate worldwide
media.· Glorified consumerism, violence, sexuality, and
militarism?· U.S. (Networks, FoxNews, CNN) and British
(BBC) news media provide/control the dissemination of information worldwide.
· These networks are unlikely to focus or provide third world perspective on issues important in the LDCs.
Problems with the Globalization of Popular Culture
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Environmental Problems with Cultural Globalization
Accelerated Resource Use through Accelerated Consumption
• Furs: minx, lynx, jaguar, kangaroo, whale, sea otters (18th Century Russians) fed early fashion trends
• Inefficient over-consumption of Meats (10:1), Poultry (3:1), even Fish (fed other fish and chicken) by meat-eating pop cultures
· Mineral Extraction for Machines, Plastics and Fuel· New Housing and associated energy and water use.· Golf courses use valuable water and destroy habitat
worldwide.
Pollution: waste from fuel generation and discarded products, plastics, marketing and packaging materials
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“They’re growing houses in the fields between the towns.”- John Gorka, Folk Singer
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Beijing, China
Palm Springs, CA
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Fiji
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Marlboro Man in Egypt
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How do cultural traits diffuse?
Hearth: the point of origin of a cultural trait.
Contagious diffusion
Hierarchical diffusion
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How are Local Cultures Sustained?
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Local cultures are sustained by maintaining customs.
Custom: a practice that a group of people routinely follows.
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Material and Nonmaterial Culture
Material Culture
The things a group of people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance, and food.
Nonmaterial Culture
The beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people.
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Little Sweden, USA (Lindsborg, Kansas): Is the Swedish Dala horse part of material or nonmaterial culture?
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What do local cultures do to maintain their customs in a
globalized world?
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Local Cultures often have two goals:
1. keeping other cultures out.(ie. create a boundary around itself)
2. keeping their own culture in.(ie. avoid cultural appropriation)
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What role does place play in maintaining customs?
By defining a place (a town or a neighborhood) or a space for a short amount of time (an annual festival) as representing a culture and its values, members of a local culture can maintain (or reestablish) its customs and reinforce its beliefs.
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Rural Local Cultures
• Migration into rural areas is less frequent.• Can better separate their culture from others
and from popular culture.• Can define their own space.• Daily life my be defined by a shared economic
activity.
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Makah (Neah Bay, Washington)Why did the Makah reinstate the whale hunt?
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Makah (Neah Bay, Washington)Why did the Makah reinstate the whale hunt?
To reinvigorate the local culture.
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Little Sweden, USA (Lindsborg, KS)Why did the residents of Lindsborg define it as a
Swedish place?
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Little Sweden, USA (Lindsborg, KS)Why did the residents of Lindsborg define it as a
Swedish place?neolocalism: seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.
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Helen, GA (Alpine Village)
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Urban Local Cultures
• Can create ethnic neighborhoods within cities.• Creates a space to practice customs.• Can cluster businesses, houses of worship, schools
to support local culture.• Migration into ethnic neighborhoods can quickly
change an ethnic neighborhood.
For example: Williamsburg, NY, North End (Boston), MA
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Runners of the NYC Marathon run through Williamsburg, (Brooklyn), NYHasidic Jewish Neighborhood
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Commodification
How are aspects of local culture (material, non-material, place) commodified?
what is commodified? who commodifies it?
Sun City, South Africa
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Authenticity
Claims of authenticity abound – how do consumers determine what experience/place is “authentic” and what is not?
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What are Cultural Hearths
• Ancient Hearths (locations – source of civilization)
• Hydraulic Civilization Theory (cities able to
control irrigated farming over large hinterlands, held political power over other cities)
• Modern Hearths (locations) – Eastern Megalopolis in the United States
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How are hearths of popular culture traits established?
• Typically begins with an idea/good and contagious diffusion.
• Companies (MTV) and Individuals (Tony Hawk) can create/manufacture popular culture.
• Hierarchical diffusion: fax machines on a farm/industrial revolution
• Relocation diffusion: British prisoners to Australia
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The hearth of Phish concerts is in the northeastern United States, near where the band began in Vermont.
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With Distance Decay, the likelihood of diffusion decreases as time and distance from the hearth increases.
With Time-Space Compression, the likelihood of diffusion depends upon the connectedness among places.
Which applies more to popular culture? Time-Space Compression
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Factors that Affect Diffusion
• Distance
• Population Density
• Means of Communication
• Nature of the Innovation
• Prestige of the Node
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Culture Change and Convergence• Acculturation -process whereby one culture is substantially
changed through the interaction of another culture• Assimilation -process where two or more cultures fuse, but
not necessarily cultural characteristics• Transculturation -changes that occur from the interaction of
cultures that is equal• Migrant Diffusion -by the time the new ideas and inventions
reach a place, they have faded away at their point of origin• Ethnocentrism -tendency to evaluate other cultures against
the standards of one’s own
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Why are popular culture traits usually diffused hierarchically?
How is fashion in popular culture an example of hierarchical diffusion?
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The “Irish” Pub