what is electricity?
DESCRIPTION
What is Electricity?. Flow of electrons. Electromagnetic force. BASIC MODEL. Charge: Modern view. charge comes in two flavors (positive and negative) normally balanced (neutral) the amount of positive charge in an object is fixed! imbalance causes “charge”. Problem:. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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What is Electricity?
Flow of electrons.Electromagnetic force
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BASIC MODEL
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Charge: Modern viewCharge: Modern view
•charge comes in two flavors (positive and negative)
•normally balanced (neutral)•the amount of positive
charge in an object is fixed!•imbalance causes “charge”
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Problem:Problem:
A bushel basket contains
50 apples. How much of a
bushel is just one apple?
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Measuring chargeMeasuring charge
•we measure in units called Coulombs (C)
•6.25x1018 bare protons is required to make 1C.
•What is the charge on a single proton?
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elementary chargeelementary charge
•we define the charge on one proton e=1.6 x10-19C
•the charge on the electron is then -e
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ProblemProblem
A penny contains about 2 x1023
protons and an equal number of electrons. If the penny is charged to +1C, what fraction of the electrons have been added or removed?
fraction removed = #removedoriginal #
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ProblemProblem
A penny contains about 2 x1023
protons and an equal number of electrons. If the penny is charged to +1C, what fraction of the electrons have been added or removed?
fraction removed = #removed
2 x 1023
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ProblemProblem
A penny contains about 2 x1023
protons and an equal number of electrons. If the penny is charged to +1C, what fraction of the electrons have been added or removed?
fraction removed = 6.25 x 1018
2 x 1023
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ProblemProblem
A penny contains about 2 x1023
protons and an equal number of electrons. If the penny is charged to +1C, what fraction of the electrons have been added or removed?
fraction removed = .00003!
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ConductivityConductivity
•conductors: loosely bound electrons; charge flows freely
•insulators: tightly bound electrons; charge hard to move
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Induction in a conductor
EBONITE
How will the +’ve charge move?
How will the -’ve charge move?
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Induction in a conductor
EBONITEI see a problem; do you see a problem?
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Induction in a conductor
EBONITE
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Induction in a conductor
EBONITE
Where is the +’ve charge?
Where is the -’ve charge?
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Induction in an insulator
EBONITE
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Induction in an insulator
EBONITE
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Induction in an insulator
EBONITE
Look at the surface.
Fnet
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Induction
• conductors: charge flows• insulators: charge shifts
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221
r
MMGF
Newton’s Law of Newton’s Law of GravityGravity
M1 M2
r
Constant of proportionality
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Mearth = 5.98 x 1024 kg
r = 6.38 x 106 m
What is the force between the Earth and a book? 2
21
r
MMGF
Wearth,book = Mbook (9.8 N/kg)
Wearth,book = (6.67 x 10-11Nm2)(5.98 x 1024 kg) Mbook
(6.38 x 106 m)2kg2
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Gravitational Field
consider a 1kg block
F = ?10 N
F = ?5 N
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Gravitational Field
consider a 3kg block
F = ?10 N
F = ?3 kg x 5 N/kg= 15 N
gravitational field strength
What is the gravitational field strength at the Earth’s surface?
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Gravitational Field
What is the gravitational field strength at this point?
m = 5 kg
F = 35 N
7 N/kg
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Gravitational Field
10 N/kg
7 N/kg
5 N/kgF = m g
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Electric Force
• Definition: Coulomb’s Law
• Electric field is the force that +1C would feel if it were placed at this location.
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What units?
Newtons (N)
Coulombs (C)q is in units of:
k : 9 x 109 N.m2/C2
F is in units of:
E is in units of: N/C
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Example #1
Anthea rubs two latex balloons against her hair, causing the balloons to become charged negatively with 2.0 x 10-6 C. She holds them a distance of 0.70 m apart. A) what is the electrical force between the two balloons? B) Is it one of attraction or repulsion?
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Example 2
Anthea rubs two latex balloons against her hair, causing the balloons to become charged negatively with 2.0 x 10-6 C. She holds them a distance of 0.70 m apart. A) what is the electrical force between the two balloons? B) Is it one of attraction or repulsion? C) What is the electrical field of the 1st balloon?
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Example #3
At the location marked with an x, the electric field is 2000 N/C and points right. What is the electric force (size and direction) on a 6 x 10-6 C charge that is placed at the x?
EF
F = qE = (6x10-6)(2000) = 1.2 x 10-2 N (to the right)
+q
203
3 20 60
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Example #3 cont.
What if the charge were the same size but negative?
EF
Same size F = 60 N (to the left)
F = Who Knows?
-q
What if a charge were placed somewhere else?
E
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Electric FieldsElectric Fields(again)(again)
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Electric Field
• Operational definition:
qEF • Electric field is the force that +1C would
feel if it were placed at this location.
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Example #2
A charge of -5 x 10-8 C feels a force of 0.2 N to the right. What is the electric field (magnitude and direction) at the charge’s location?
FEF = qE-q
E = F/q
E = 4 x 106 N/C (to the left)
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Where does E come from?
qEF Force on q due to the field, E, at q’s location
Field at q’s location due to other charges at other locations(source charges) The charge that is
feeling the force(test charge)
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What is the direction of the electric field at x?
E
The direction of E
E
What is the direction of the electric field at x?
HOW BIG?
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Coulomb’s Law
Er
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
qs
E =k qs
r2
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Example #last
A 2.5 x 10-6 C charge is placed as shown below. What is the electric field at a point 5 cm to the right?
qs
5 cm
E = kqs /r2 = (9 x 109)(2.5 x 10-6) /(5 x 10-2)2
= +9 x 106 N/C
Which way does E point?
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Coulomb’s Law
Er
k = 9 x 109 Nm2/C2
qs
E =k qs
r2
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Q1 Q2
What is the electric field strength at the location of Q1 due to Q2?
Which charge do we care about?
0.20 m -6x10-9C3x10-9C
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Q2
0.20 m
What is the electric field strength at the location of Q1 due to Q2?
Which charge do we care about?
How does this change the problem?
-6x10-9C
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Q2
E = kqs /r2
= (9 x 109)(6 x 10-9) /(0.20)2
= 1350 N/C
1350 N/C -6x10-9C
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Q2
1350 N/C
What force does Q1 experience?
F = qE
= (3 x 10-9 C)(1350 N/C)
= 4 x 10-6 N (right)
4 x 10-6 N
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Q1 Q2
0.20 m
What is the electric field strength at the location of Q2 due to Q1?
Which charge do we care about?
3x10-9C -6x10-9C
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0.20 m
What is the electric field strength at the location of Q2 due to Q1?
Which charge do we care about?
How does this change the problem?
Q1
3x10-9C
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E = kqs /r2
= (9 x 109)(3 x 10-9) /(0.20)2
= 675 N/C
675 N/C
Q1
3x10-9C
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Q1
What force does Q2 experience?
4 x 10-6 N
F = qE
= (6 x 10-9 C)(675 N/C)
= 4 x 10-6 N (left)
675 N/C
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4 x 10-6 N
675 N/C1350 N/C
4 x 10-6 N
due to Q1due to Q2
F2,1 F1,2
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Q1 Q2
0.20 m
What is the electric field at the midpoint between the charges?
Which charge do we care about?
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Q1 Q2
What is the electric field at the midpoint between the charges?
E2,X
E1,X
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Q1 Q2
What is the electric field at the midpoint between the charges?
EnetEX,2
EX,2
EX,1 = kqs /r2
= (9 x 109)(3 x 10-9) /(0.10)2
= 2700 N/C
EX,2 = kqs /r2
= (9 x 109)(6 x 10-9) /(0.10)2
= 5400 N/C
Enet= 8100 N/C
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Q1 Q2
What force would a charge Q3 = -2 x 10-6 C experience if placed at the midpoint?
Enet= 8100 N/C
F = qE
= (2 x 10-6 C) (8100 N/C)
= 0.016 N
F
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4 x 10-6 N4 x 10-6 N
F2,1 F1,2
Q1 Q2
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Two point charges +Q and -Q are fixed in place a distance 2d apart as shown. What direction is the electric field at the midpoint between the charges?
+Q -Q
Student 2: “The electric field is given by E=kqs/r2 so if I do the calculation I get:
Enet = k(+Q)/d2 + k(-Q)/d2 = 0
So, the electric field is zero and has no direction.”
dd
What do you think?
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Two identical positive charges, A and B, are arranged as shown. The distance from point C to A is twice the distance from point C to B. Which of the following best represents the electric field at point C?
e
d
c
b
aA
B C
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Two identical positive charges, A and B, are arranged as shown. The distance from point C to A is twice the distance from point C to B. Which of the following best represents the electric field at point C?
e
d
c
b
aA
B C
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
What if all the charge were moved to the bottom?
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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Distributed Charge:or what if charge were peanut butter?
+Q
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9+Q/9 +Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
+Q/9
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What is the electric field in the middle of the circle?
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Boston Museum
of Science
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a (excess charge is all on
outside surfaces)
+0-
0
b (excess charge is evenly
distributed on both sides)
c (excess charge is all on
inside surfaces)
+0-
0+0
+0
0
–– 0
From Tutorial
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L = -0/2
L = +0/2
R = -0/2
R = +0/2
![Page 75: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
L = -0/2
L = +0/2
R = -0/2
R = +0/2
E = 0
![Page 76: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
L = -0/2
L = +0/2
R = -0/2
R = +0/2
![Page 77: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
L = -0/2
L = +0/2
R = -0/2
R = +0/2
E 0
![Page 78: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
L = +0
R = -0
E-
E+
![Page 79: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
L = +0
R = -0
E = 0
![Page 80: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
L = +0
R = -0
E-
E+
![Page 81: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
L = +0
R = -0
E = 0
![Page 82: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
L = +0
R = -0
E-
E+
= 0/20
= 0/20
![Page 83: What is Electricity?](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56813659550346895d9de217/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
L = +0
R = -0
E = 0/0