what is energy? – ability to do work cars need energy to move animals need energy to grow, move,...
TRANSCRIPT
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What is energy?
– ability to do work
Cars need energy to move
Animals need energy to grow, move, make noise, etc
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Where do cars get energy?
– from burning fuel
–Specifically oil and gasoline
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Chemical Energy is stored in fuels
- Burning oil and gasoline release energy in the form of heat and light ; The energy also allows the car to move.
- Gasoline is organic. When gasoline reacts with oxygen you get a combustion reaction. The products of ALL combustion reactions are carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H20)
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What is our fuel?
- Food!
- Specifically Glucose (simple carb)
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But where does the glucose in our food come from?
THE SUN!!!
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Really? How?• Let go through step by step.
1. Where did your glucose come from?
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2. How did the glucose get in the food?
3.How did she get the glucose?
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4. How did the glucose get in the grass?
5. Where did the energy to make the glucose come from?
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SO, long story short,
- the chloroplasts take energy from the sun and put it into a glucose molecule (Photosynthesis)
- through the food chain, glucose gets passed from organism to organism
- eventually mitochondria of some organism takes the energy back out, by breaking down the glucose (Cell respiration)
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Types of Batteries
• Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP– cycles between ATP (high energy)
and ADP (low energy) by adding or removing a phosphate
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ADP and ATP
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ADP/ATP cycle
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Types of Batteries• Electron Carriers: cycle between low
energy “empty” form and high energy “full” form by adding or removing electrons.
–We can “empty” these electron carriers to charge ATP
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Types of Batteries
–There are three different electron carriers: NADPH; NADH and FADH2
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Let’s start by getting the energy from the sun into the glucose molecule
Photosynthesis
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Key terms:
• Heterotrophs: Organisms that get food from somewhere else–Examples??
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• Autotrophs: organisms that make food for themselves–Photoautotrophs use light energy to
make their food• Examples?
–Chemoautotrophs use the energy in inorganic compounds to make their food• Examples?
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• Understanding a little about light is important! Refer to your “Science of light and Color” assignment to help!
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Photoautotrophs undergo Photosynthesis
• So what organelle is in their cells?
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Granum (plural Grana)
Thylakoid
Stroma
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What makes it Green?
• Pigment called Chlorophyll (There are two chlorophylls)
• A pigment is a substance that absorbs light
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What color light bounces off chlorophyll?
GREEN!!!
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• Carotenes and xanthophylls*: other plant pigments (orange and yellow) that absorb different wavelengths of sunlight than the chlorophylls do.
• When can we see these??
* ZAN-tho-fills
FALL!!!
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Overall Reaction• Photosynthesis requires MANY reactions but we can
summarize it with the following reaction
• Like all reactions, photosynthesis needs:
6CO2 + 6H2O + 6O2
(Glucose)
C6H12O6
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• Two Phases of PhotosynthesisLight reactions: need light;
- uses light energy to “charge” two energy molecules: ATP and NADPH
- proteins needed for the reaction are embedded in the thylakoid membrane
- Uses: 6H2O produces: 6O2
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• Two Phases of PhotosynthesisCalvin cycle: doesn’t need light;
- Uses the ATP and NADPH “charged” by the light reactions to link CO2 together to build C6H12O6
- Enzymes for the calvin cycle are found in the stroma
Reactant: 6CO2 Product: C6H12O6
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Putting it Together
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Glucose will do one of two things:
1. Move to the mitochondria to be converted into ATP through Cell respiration
2. Go through dehydration synthesis to build a big starch chain and be stored for future use
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Follow the Energy
• Where did the energy start?
• Where did it go next?
• Where is it at the end of photosynthesis?
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Factors that affect Photosynthesis
• Light intensity (how bright/strong)
• Wavelength (color of light)
• Temperature: 0 – 35 degrees C
• Water
• CO2 levels
Why do each of these affect photosynthesis?
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Exceptions to the Rules:
• Autotrophic Protists:
–Example: Algae, volvox and Euglena
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Exceptions to the Rules:
• Autotrophic Bacteria:
–Example: Cyanobacteria (“Blue” bacteria)
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Exceptions to the Rules:• Heterotrophic plants: some plants
get food from other organisms
–Mistletoe: makes food AND takes sap (high in sugar) from other trees
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Exceptions to the Rules:
Venus Flytrap: traps and digests insects as a food source
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Exceptions to the Rules:
Dodder plant: roots grow into other plants and steals water and glucose
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How do we get the energy back out?
Cell Respiration – a series of chemical reactions that extract energy from glucose to “charge” ADP to make ATP.
Starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria.
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How do we get the energy back out?
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Overall reaction
+ 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2OC6H12O6
ATP
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Two types of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic: no free oxygen required
- performed by most bacteria
- Also by yeast and animal cells when lacking O2
- two steps: Glycolysis, fermentation
- makes 2 ATP per glucose
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Two types of Cellular Respiration• Aerobic: requires FREE oxygen, O2 gas to get
ATP from glucose
– three steps: glycolysis, krebs, electron transport chain
– performed by plants, animals, yeast, protists, fungus.
– Generates 36 ATP per glucose
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Anaerobic step 1: Glycolysis• Occurs in cytoplasm
• Summary: split glucose in half to charge a few ATP and NADH
• Reaction: Glucose 2 pyruvate
• Energy molecules used: 2ATP
• Energy molecules made: 4ATP and 2NADH
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Fermentation• Occurs in cytoplasm• Summary: “empty” the NADH so we can
repeat glycolysis with the next glucose
–2Pyruvate CO2 and Ethanol (yeast)
or
- 2Pyruvate Lactic Acid (bacteria and muscle cells)• NO MORE ATP CHARGED!
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ATP Tallies:
Anaerobic:
- Glycolysis: used 2, made 4
- Fermentation: used 0, made 0
Total: +2 per glucose
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Aerobic step 1: Glycolysis
• SAME AS STEP 1 OF ANAEROBIC!
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Krebs• Occurs in mitochondria
• Summary: break down pyruvate into CO2; use energy in pyruvate to charge ATP, NADH and FADH2
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KrebsReaction:
–2Pyruvate 2Acetyl-CoA + CO2
–2Acetyl-CoA 4CO2
–Energy molecules made: 2ATP + 2FADH + 6NADH
–Can bacteria do Krebs??
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Electron Transport Chain• Occurs in mitochondria
• Summary: Gather up ALL the electron carriers and “empty” them to “charge” lots of ATP
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Electron Transport Chain• Reaction:
–O2 H2O
Energy molecules USED: 10 NADH (from krebs and glycolysis) + 2 FADH (from krebs)
Energy molecules MADE: 32 ATP
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ATP Tallies:
Aerobic: - Glycolysis: used 2, made 4 - Krebs: used 0, made 2 - ETC: used 0, made 32Total: +36 ATP per glucose
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Overall Energy Summary for Aerobic Respiration
Glucose + 2ATP 2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH
Reactants (used up/broken down) Products (created/built up)
2 Pyruvate 2CO2 + 2Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH
2Acetyl-CoA 6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP+ 4CO2
10NADH + 2FADH2 + 6O2 32ATP + 4CO2 + 6H2O
What’s Left?
Final Reaction for Aerobic Respiration
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Putting it together:
Chloroplast
Sun
Mitochondria
C6H12O6 + O2CO2 + H2O
36ATP