what is heart disease? heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What Is Heart Disease?
• Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class
of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel
many of which are related to a process called
atherosclerosis.
• Cardio –relates to the heart
• Vascular –relates to the veins and arteries
• Atherosclerosis is a condition that develops when
a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of
the arteries This buildup narrows the arteries,
making it harder for blood to flow through. If a
blood clot forms, it can stop the blood flow.
![Page 3: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
COMMON TYPES OF HEART DISEASE
Preventable –
• Heart disease can affect the structure of the heart –valves ,muscles ,fibers and
blood supply e.g. coronary heart disease – disease of the blood vessels supplying
the heart muscle.
• The common cause of coronary heart disease result from - Atherosclerosis –this is
a condition that develops when a substance called plaque builds up in the walls of
the arteries. Coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked And as
a result can cause:
• Hypertension (increased pressure )
• Angina /Ischemic heart disease (partially blocked)
• Heart attack /M.I(Fully blocked )
• Heart failure (damaged valves and enlargement),arrythmias (damaged heart fibers)
![Page 4: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
COMMON TYPES OF HEART DISEASE • Heart disease can also result from infection –rheumatic
heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves
from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria ,and
endocarditis .
Non-preventable –
• Heart disease can also be congenital -congenital heart
disease - malformations of heart structure existing at birth
![Page 6: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Risk Factors
Modifiable risk factors-Some risk factors can be avoided or altered, potentially
slowing the disease process or even reversing it. These factors include:
• elevated serum lipid levels
• hypertension
• cigarette smoking
• diabetes mellitus
• sedentary lifestyle
• stress
• obesity—especially abdominal (waist measurement greater than 40″ [101.6 cm] in
men and greater than 35″ [88.9 cm] in women)
• excessive intake of saturated fats, carbohydrates, and salt.
![Page 7: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Risk Factors Con’t
Non-modifiable risk factors- there are four non-modifiable
factors increase a person's risk of cardiovascular disease:
• age
• male gender
• family history
• race.
![Page 8: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Common signs and symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Hypertension -A sustained blood pressure above 140/90mmhg .
Dizziness ,or may be ASYMPTOMATICComplications- Cardiac complications include CAD, angina, MI, heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death,stroke,blindness,kidney failure
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy—primary disease of the heart muscle that's characterized by a thickened, inflexible heart muscle-results from extensively damaged myocardial muscle fibers
shortness of breath,fatiguedry cough at night,palpitations,nauseaEdema of the legs , chest pain
![Page 9: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Common signs and symptoms
Heart disease Signs and symptoms
Heart attack /MI
Angina /ischemic heart disease
Symptoms: chest /thumb /back pains that is not relieved by rest or medications .(nitrates)light headednessAnxiety/nervousnessPalenessIncreased, irregular heart rate
Chest pain is relieved by medications and rest.
Heart failure -When the heart can't pump effectively enough to meet the body's metabolic needs, heart failure occurs
Fatigue, Difficulty breathing,dependent edema, unexplained, steady weight gain,nausea,chest tightnessslowed mental response, anorexia
![Page 10: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How is heart disease
diagnosed? LABORATORY TESTING –measures heart enzymes/proteins and reveals the
extent of damage and monitor healing.
• Creatine kinase (CK)-Elevated levels indicate death to heart muscles.
• Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA)-indicates lack of oxygen supply to
the heart .
• Myoglobin- indicates damage to the heart muscle
• Troponin I and T-indicates heart damage
• Cholesterol levels-detects cholesterol levels-LDL/HDL
GRAPHIC RECORDING STUDIES –used to detect heart disorders .
• ECG- graphically records electrical current generated by the heart.
• Exercise ECG(stress test)-assess heart response to an increased
workload.
![Page 11: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How is heart disease diagnosed? Imaging studies –
• Chest X-ray-may detect enlargement or structural
changes of the heart
• Echo- visualize heart size and shape, heart wall thickness
and motion, and cardiac valve structure and function
• CT /MRI-detect changes in the structure of the heart
Interventional studies –
• Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography-
determines location of blockage ,pressure and oxygen
levels of the heart.
![Page 12: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How is heart disease
treated ?Treatment of heart disease depends on the causative
factor or the disorder present;
• Pharmacological –medications may be used to reduce
blood pressure(anti –hypertensives),control heart
rate(ant-arrythmias) ,reduce pain(anti –anginal) ,lower
cholesterol(anti –lipidemics),dissolve or prevent blood
clots (anti –platelet /thrombolytics)and reduce fluid
accumulation(diuretics)
![Page 13: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
How is heart disease treated ?• Non –pharmacological -lifestyle changes-education,diet (DASH
diet ),exercise
• Invasive interventions (surgery)
• Coronary artery with an autogenous graft-restores blood flow to
the heart
• Bypass grafting -bypasses the obstruction resulting from
arteriosclerosis
• Embolectomy- removes the blockage (blood clot)
Valve repair
![Page 14: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
HOW CAN HEART DISEASE BE
PREVENTED ?DIETARY MEASURES-These are based on the DASH (Dietary
Approaches to Stop Hypertension)• • Limiting use of salt to less than 2.4 grams of sodium (6
gm salt) per day i.e. no added salt in cooking or at table); avoid canned foods, salted meat, etc.
• • Reducing excessive dietary fat (especially saturated fat and trans-fatty acids) to no more than 30% of calories. Saturated fat should not exceed 10% of total calories.
• • Ensuring intake of fibre of at least 30-40 gm/day.• • Ensuring intake of potassium between 70-80 mmol/l
daily. This can be achieved by a good selection of fruits and vegetables especially bananas,tomatoes and oranges as well as coconut water.
• Avoiding red meat .
![Page 15: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
HOW CAN HEART DISEASE BE PREVENTED ?
Physical Exercise
• This should be undertaken for 30-60 minutes at least five times
each week,but preferably daily. Walking is the easiest form of
exercise for most people.
Weight Management
• This aims at the attainment and maintenance of desirable body
weight i.e.
• BMI <25 or at least a significant reduction, if overweight or
obese. There is a possibility of 5-20 mmHg decrease in systolic
pressure for every 10kg (22lb) weight loss.
![Page 16: What Is Heart Disease? Heart disease /cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases that affects the heart and blood vessel many of which are related](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062305/5697bf761a28abf838c80d09/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
HOW CAN HEART DISEASE BE PREVENTED ?
Reduction of Alcohol Intake
• Alcohol use should not exceed 2 drinks/day for men and 1
drink/day for women. (1 drink = one ounce of spirits or 1 bottle
of beer or 1 glass of wine)
Cessation of Tobacco Use
• Tobacco should be avoided.
Education
• Every opportunity should be taken for education of the patient,
with partner and relatives. The education should include diet,
exercise and other lifestyle advice(stress reduction)