what is history? an introduction into the theory of history prof. dr. georgi verbeeck maastricht...
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What is History?What is History?An Introduction into the Theory of HistoryAn Introduction into the Theory of History
Prof. Dr. Georgi VerbeeckProf. Dr. Georgi Verbeeck
Maastricht UniversityMaastricht University
FASoS Department of HistoryFASoS Department of History
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History?History?
””things that happened in the past”things that happened in the past”
res gestaeres gestae
““investigating the things that investigating the things that happened in the past”happened in the past”
historia rerum gestarumhistoria rerum gestarum
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The Appeal of History?The Appeal of History?
Historia magistra vitae?Historia magistra vitae?
The Past as a Foreign Country?The Past as a Foreign Country?
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History of Historical WritingHistory of Historical Writing
Antiquity (Herodotus – Thycidides)
Rome : in service of the Empire
Middle Ages
Renaissance and Early Modern Times
Enlightenment and Romanticism
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Foundations of Foundations of Modern History WritingModern History Writing
‘ ‘bloss zeigen,bloss zeigen, wie es eigentlich gewesen wie es eigentlich gewesen …’…’ Historical-Filological MethodHistorical-Filological Method
(written sources)(written sources) ZeitgeistZeitgeist and and VolksgeistVolksgeist Paradox within HistoricismParadox within Historicism
Relativism versus DeterminationRelativism versus Determination
Leopold von RankeLeopold von Ranke (1795 – 1886) (1795 – 1886)
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MethodenstreitMethodenstreitin the German Historical Sciencesin the German Historical Sciences
Historicism versus PositivismHistoricism versus Positivism “…“…wie es eigentlich wie es eigentlich
geworden istgeworden ist…”…” SozialSozial- versus - versus PolitikgeschichtePolitikgeschichte Materialism - MarxismMaterialism - Marxism
Karl LamprechtKarl Lamprecht (1856 – 1915)(1856 – 1915)
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Writing History : How?Writing History : How?
1. Facts1. Facts2. Knowledge2. Knowledge
3. Interpretation 3. Interpretation 4. Explanation 4. Explanation
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1. Facts
Problems of determination
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2. Knowledge2. Knowledge
Empiricism (induction)Empiricism (induction)– Francis BaconFrancis Bacon
Rationalism (deduction)Rationalism (deduction)– René DescartesRené Descartes
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3. Interpretation (a)3. Interpretation (a)
“King Louis was murdered by the mob.”“Citizen Capet was sentenced to death and executed.”
“The French Revolution meant the end of the Old Regime.”
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3. Interpretation (b)3. Interpretation (b)
“Auschwitz was a unique event in the history of mankind.”“Auschwitz was a normal event in the history of mankind.”
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Explanation Explanation 1: Cause1: Cause
Positivism (Auguste Comte)Positivism (Auguste Comte)– Covering Law Model (CLM)Covering Law Model (CLM)
ProbabilismProbabilism
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ExplanationExplanation2 : Intention2 : Intention
HermeuticsHermeutics VerstehenVerstehen (empathy) (empathy) Problems of determining intentionsProblems of determining intentions
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ExplanationExplanation3 : Narrative3 : Narrative
NarrativismNarrativism Gustav Droysen, Johan HuizingaGustav Droysen, Johan Huizinga Modernism and PostmodernismModernism and Postmodernism
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AnachronismAnachronism