what is industrial automation

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Chapter 1: What is Industrial Automation?

102007 IAS, Universitt Stuttgart

IA

to know what Industrial Automation is

to understand what a real-time system is

to know what is meant by the degree of automation

to recognize the different kinds of computer deployment

to be able to differ between product automation and plant automation

to know the components of an industrial automation system

to know the different levels of an industrial automation system and their

requirements

to be able to classify processes in technical systems

to know the different kinds of graphical representation of technicalprocesses

to become aware of the responsibility of an automation engineer

Ch a p t e r 1 - Le arn i n g Ob j e ct i v e s/ Go a ls


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1.1 Definition of Several Basic Terms

1.2 Degree of Automation and Computer Deployment

1.3 Automation of Technical Products and Technical Plants

1.4 Components of an Industrial Automation System

1.5 Levels of Process Management and Automation Functions

1.6 Technical Systems

1.7 Graphical Representation of Technical Processes

1.8 Effects of Industrial Automation on People, Society and Environment

1 W h a t i s I n d u st r i al Au t o m at i o n ?


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process, procedure, activity

Final state of

material, energyor information

TECHNICALPROCESS

in a technical system

Initial state of

material, energyor information

transformation

transport storage

Technical process means flow of material, energy, or information

Definition 1:

A technical process is a process during which material, energy orinformation is altered in its state. This modification of state can imply

the transition from an initial state to a final state.


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Examples

Low ambienttemperature

Dirty

laundry

Unsorted parcels

Higher ambient temperature

Fresh laundry

Parcels sorted by destinations

Heating of a house Oil-fueled heating system

Washing process Washing machine

Transportation and distributionprocesses

Parcel distribution system

Initial State Technical Process Final StateTechnical System

Energy of fossil ornuclear fuels

Parts to bestored

Train at location A

Monomere substance

Untested device

Parts without a drill-

hole

Pollutants

Electric energy

Parts compiled for commissions

Train at location B

Polymeric substance

Tested device

Parts with drill-hole

Information on pollution

concentrations are indicated

in monitoring center

Energy transformation and

energy generation processesPower plant

Storage process High bay warehouse

Traffic process Train

Chemical reaction Chemical reactor

Test process Test laboratory

Drilling process Drilling machine

Pollution monitoringSystem for air

pollution monitoring


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from simple to highly complex

different partial processes are combined to an overall process

washing machine, power plant

car with automotive electronics

TECHNICAL PROCESS

in a technical system

effectingvariables

outputvalues

material,

energy orinformationinflow

material, energy,or informationoutflow

Definition 2: DIN 66201

A process is the entirety of all interacting processes within a

system that transforms and stores material, energy or information.

A technical process is a process in which its physical parameters

are recorded and influenced by technical means.


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the technicalprocess runs on atechnical system

TechnicalProcess

Technical System

(device,machineor technical plant)

processinput

processoutput

material, energyor informationinflow

material, energyor informationoutflow

measuredsignals

actuatingsignals

processinfluencinginformation

processoutcomeinformation

Techn ica l sys tem w i th t echn ica l p r ocess


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technical plant: chemical reactor

technical process: 3 sub-processes (fill, reaction, empty)

substance A

substance B

actuating signals

substance C

measured signalsTechnical Plant

fillreac-tion

emptyoutflowreactionsproductsubstance C

feedsubstance A

feedsubstance B

Technical Process

Examp le


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= process + automation

= independentlyoperatingtechnical systems

cigarette vending machine

ticket vending machine

= to enable machines,installations and facilities

to operate independently

office automation,

traffic automation,

railway automation,

industrial automation

automat

automation

I n d u st r i al a u t o m a t i on


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= the automation of a technical process

Industrial automation system

= technical system with technical process

+ computer and communication system

+ process operators

I n d u st r i al a u t o m a t i on


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People

(process operators)

for managing and operating

the technical

process as well as

intervening inexceptional situations

processoutcome

process

influence

control

signals to the

technical

process

signals

from the

technical

process

computer and

communication system

consisting of e.g.,programmable logic

controllers (PLC), industrials PCs,

micro controllers,

bus systems, etc.

technical system

(technical product or

technical plant), in which

a technical process

takes place

St r uc tu r e o f an i ndu st r i a l au t om a t i on s y stem


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Goal is the automation of operations in the technical process with thehelp of appropriate information processing units

Human operators only place requests on the operating results

Goal is the management of the procedure of the technical process byhuman operators, supported by the automation of individualoperations

Managing refers to controlling and regulating

Goal is an automation software system

Real-time system

automation of the technicalprocess in the foreground

operation in theforeground

computer and communicationsystem in the foreground

Pr ocess cont r o l syst em

Pr ocess com pu t er sciences

I n d u st r i al a u t o m a t i on s y st e m


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Hardware/software system

Data reception, data processing, data delivery to the process within a

given time interval

External events

Priority of processing

Featu res o f a rea l - t im e sys t em

Real-time system allows real-time operation

Definition: Real-time operation (DIN 44300)

Real-time operation is the operation of a computer system, in which

programs required for the handling of incoming data are in constant

operation so that the processing results are available within a given

period of time.

This data may appear according to a random time distribution or atregular intervals.


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Timeliness

reaction right on time

Simultaneousness

simultaneous reaction to various events

Dependability

reliable, safe, available

Predictability

all reactions must be predictable and deterministic

not too soon, not too late

parallel processes

important reason for purchase

comprehensible in case errors occur

Requ i r em en ts on r ea l- t im e sy st em s


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computer andcommunicationsystem

technical processin atechnical plant

sensor signals

control signals

people

time time

externalinfluences

operating personnel

computer and communicationsystem

technical process

I ndus t r i a l au tom a t i on sy stem as r ea l- t im e sy st em s


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Processors applicable in a process automation system are freely

programmable digital processors (computers) that have to show mainly 3

features:

Compliance of real-time operation requirements, that are:

recording, processing and output of process data in a timely

manner

Possibilities for input/output of process signals (directly or via a

communication system) for process connection

Processing of numbers, characters and bits

Featu r es o f au tom a t i on com pu t e r sy st em s

Film: What is Industrial Automation? [4 min.]


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Quest ion r e fe r r i ng t o Chap t e r 1 .1

In addition to the correctness of the data the timeliness of data is of high

relevance in industrial automation. With which of the following statements

do you agree?

Early data is bad data Late data is bad data

As fast as possible data is correct data

Timely and precise data is bad data

No data is bad data

A n s w e r

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1.1 Definition of several basic terms

1.2 Degree of automation and computer deployment

1.3 Automation of technical products and technical plants

1.4 Components of an industrial automation system

1.5 Levels of process management and automation functions

1.6 Technical systems

1.7 Graphical representation of technical processes

1.8 Effects of industrial automation on people, society and environment



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The sense and benefit of an automation depends on the technical process

(accessible / inaccessible) and the general conditions (economically

reasonable / senseless). The degree of automation describes the extend of

the processes included in the automation.

bandwidth: from zero up to fully automated operation

Typ es o f oper a t ion

Off-line operation (operation with indirect process connection) with the

lowest degree of automation

On-line / open-loop operation (open on-line operation) for a medium

degree of automation

On-line / closed-loop operation (closed on-line operation) for a high

degree of automation

Caution! - Also with fully automated operation the human being canmake interventions (target value or malfunction)!

D egr ee o f au t om a t i on


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no automation

processmanagementapplications

operationreport

operationaccounting

general management

orders

Op er a t i o n w i t h o u t co m p u t e r u s e

manualdevice

display device andgraphical recorder

technical plant

control andregulation devices

processpersonnel

manualdevice


technical plant


processpersonnel

manualdevice


technical plant


processpersonnel

manualdevice


technical plant


processpersonnel

manualdevice


technical plant


processpersonnel

manualdevice

display device andgraphical recorderdisplay device andgraphical recorder

technical planttechnical plant

control andregulation devicescontrol andregulation devicescontrol andregulation devices

processpersonnelprocesspersonnel


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low degree ofautomation, noconnection to

the technicalprocess

Off-linecomputer process

managementinstructions

operationreport

operationprotocol input

General management orders

input,operation modesinstructions

Of f - l i n e opera t i on ( i nd i r ect l y conn ect ed opera t i on )

technical plant

display andgraphical recorder


manualdevice

processpersonnel

technical plant



manualdevice

processpersonnel

technical plant



manualdevice

processpersonnel

technical plant

display andgraphical recorderdisplay andgraphical recorder

control andregulation devicescontrol andregulation devices

manualdevicemanualdevice

processpersonnelprocesspersonnel


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medium degreeof automation,

data acquisitionfrom the

technical process

General managementorders

operationreport

operation

monitoring

technical plant

computer

system


process-personnel

manualdevice

on - l i ne

open- loop

instructionscontrol board

On- l i ne / open - l oop oper a t i on o f a com pu t e r sy stem


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high degree of

automation, datarecording andinfluence of the

technical process

orders

operationreport

operation managementand control

technical plant

computer and communication system

emergencyemergency

controlinstruments

on- l i n e andc losed- loop

On- l i ne - / cl osed - loop ope r a t i on o f a com pu t e r s y st em


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Concerning the type of operation, three types can be differentiated. To

which of the following statements do you agree?

Off-line operation shows the highest degree of automation

On-line / closed-loop operation requires a high number of operation

personnel

On-line / open-loop operation is best suited for a medium degree of

automation

In case of off-line operation the computer is used as an assistance for

calculations and analysis.

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Plan t au t om a t i on

industrial automation systems, in which the technical process takes place

within a device or within a single machine

large quantities

industrial automation systems, in which the technical process is composed ofsingle partial processes that take place on greater, often geographically wide

spread plants

unique systems

Pr oduc t au t om a t i on


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heating systems

washing machines

sewing machines

kitchen appliances (e.g., dish washer,

microwave, etc.)

TVs, radios

cameras

alarm systemstoys

navigation systems

answering machines

musical instruments

machine toolsmeasuring devices

automobiles with sub-systems:motor control, ABS, distance warningsystem, route planning,

etc.

Examples of technical plants

in plant automation

Examples of products in

product automation

power plants (steam generators,turbines, generators)

energy grid

high bay warehouse

parcel distribution installations

chemical reactors

process engineering installations

steel production plants

milling installations

railway traffic system (long distancetrains, commuter railways, metros)

traffic light installations

gas supply installations

purification and water plants

building system installations

laboratories and test fields

environmental measurement installations

etc.

Examples


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Technical process in a device or machine (embedded systems)

Dedicated automation functions

Automation computer in the form of a micro controller or PLC

Few sensors and actuators

Degree of automation 100%, on-line/closed-loop operation

High quantities (serial or mass products)

Engineering and software costs of inferior importance since they aredistributed among large unit numbers

simple

Charac te r i s t i c cr i t e r i a rega rd in g p rodu ct au t om at ion


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user

oroperator

setvalues

display

micro controller

processresults

technical product

manipulatedvariables example:

kitchen appliance

St r u ct u r e w i t h s im p l e p r o d u ct a u t o m a t i on

1 3 A t ti f t h i l d t d t h i l l t


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Ex am p le of a sim p le p r oduct au tom a t i on

Washing program,spin speed

LCD (washing time,

operation directions)

Microcontroller(e.g. Siemens C167)

Temperature value,actual spin speed

Washing machine

Motor speed,heating control

Useror

operator

1 3 A t ti f t h i l d t d t h i l l t IA


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example:automotive

electronics

micro-controller

useror

operator

micro-controller

1

micro-controller

2

micro-controller

n

bus-system

subsystem1

subsystem2

subsystemn

technical product

St r u ct u r e w i t h c om p l ex p r o d u ct a u t o m a t i on

1 3 Automation of technical products and technical plants IA


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Technical process in an industrial plant, often geographically wide spread

Extensive and complex automation functions

PLCs, PCs and process control systems are used as automation computersystems

Large number of sensors and actuators

Medium to high degree of automation

Unique system

Engineering and software costs are critical for overall costs

Charac te r i st i c cr i t e r i a rega rd in g p lan t au t om at ion



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plant bus

level 2

PLC PLC PLC

master

computer

factory bus

monitoring,operating,protocolling

level 3

PC PC

field bus field bus

level 1

sub-system

technical plant

sub-system

sub-system

St ru ct u r e fo r a l arg e r t echn ica l p lan t



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A n s w e r

A company wants to automate the production of refrigerators. For this

purpose, a new production line shall be constructed. In this production

line, the coolant will be filled in and the rear will be screwed to the case.

Which kind of automation system is this ?

The given system is a plant automation system. The production process

(assembly line) shall be automated and not the product itself.

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1.4 Components of an industrial automation system1.5 Levels of process management and automation functions





1.4 Components of an industrial automation system IA


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technicalproduct

technicalplant

interface to thetechnical process:

sensors and actuators

communicationsystem

automationcomputer system

hardwiredindividual

devices

facilities foruser - processcommunication

technical componentsof an industrialautomation system

technical system tobe automated

(automation object)

facilities necessary forautomation(automation system)

bus system for thecommunication betweenautomation computers

communicationsystem close to theprocess (field bus)

automationsoftware system

hardware system(device system)

computerhardware

processperiphery

systemsoftware

usersoftware



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p y


Acquisition of information on the progression of process variables

Sensors, detection devices, measuring devices

Conversion into electrical or optical signals

examples: temperature,pressure,

velocity

Ac tua to r s

Conversion of control information in order to influence process variables

Actuators (correcting element)

examples : relays,

magnets,

servo motors

Sensors



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p y


Simple products

few sensors and actuators

short line distances

Complex products

communication between subsystems via bus system examples: CAN bus, Interbus-S

technical product

useror

operator

micro controller

setvalues

display

manip

ulatedvariables

proc

essresults

user

or

operator

micro-

controller

micro-

controller

1

micro-

controller

2

micro-

controller

n

subsystem

1

subsystem

2

subsystem

n

bus system

technical product

Com m un ic at i on sy stem i n p r oduc t au t om a t i on



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Many sensors and actuators, spatially distributed

Many automation computers, spatially distributed

Com m un ica t ion t asks on seve ra l l eve ls

mastercomputer PC PC

PLC PLC PLC

factory bus

monitoring,operating,

protocolling

level 3

plant bus

level2

field bus field bus

level1

sub-system

sub-system

sub-system

technical plant

Factory bus

Plant bus (process bus)

Field bus

Com m un ica t i on sy stem i n p l an t au tom a t i on



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Micro controller

Personal computer (PC)

Industrial Personal Computer (IPC)

Process control system

Di f f er e n t f o r m s o f a u t o m a t i on co m p u t e r s

Programmable logic controller (PLC)



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Set of all programs necessary for the execution of automation tasks,including their documentation

Differentiation between executive and organizational/administrational

tasks

Executive programs(application software)

input measured values

calculation of controlvariables

Organizing and administratingprograms (operating softwareor system software)

device drivers

operating system

Au tom a t i on so f tw a r e sy stem



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System softwareApplication software

programs foracquisition of

process variables

programs forprocess

monitoring

programs forprocesscontrol

programs forprocess

regulation

programs forprocess

optimization and

management

programs forprocess safetyand security

programs fororganization ofapplicationprograms

programs for managing

periphery devices

programs fororganizing data traffic

withexternal memories

programs for thedialogue between

human and computer

compilation programs

run-timeprograms

operatingsys

tem



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A n s w e r

For the control computer of a production line of refrigerators (described in

the last question) the company received two offers:

ordinary PC 3000,-

industrial PC with the same performance 5000,-

Which computer would you choose ?

Give reasons for your choice and explain the difference in price.

No difference in the performance range of the two computers.

Main difference: Industrial PC is especially built to endure the higher

stress in industrial environments (temperature variations, EMI, vibrations,

etc.)

In this case, therefore, the choice would be an industrial PC.

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1.5 Levels of Process Management and Automation Functions IA


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strategiclevel

dispositivelevel

tactical

level

operativelevel

levels ofhierarchy

field of action

long-termdistribution policy

distribution planning

distribution tactics

sales

levels of distribution

market

business managementlevel

production and operationmanagement level

process control level

level of measuringcontrolling and regulatingprocess variables(process variable level)

technical process in a

technical system

levels of a company

Mode l o f l eve ls i n t he m anagem ent o f a t echn ica l p rocess



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process control level:

business management level:

production and operation

management level:

process variable level:

Effects ranging between

months-years


days-weeks-months


minutes-hours


microseconds-seconds

Tim e r equ i r em en ts on t he d i f f e r en t l ev e ls



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cost analysis,statistical evaluations

work sequence planning,capacity optimization,

evaluation of process results

process monitoring,start-up and shut-down,

malfunction handling, processguidance, process security

measuring, controlling,manipulating, regulatinginterlocking, emergency

handling of process variables,shut-down, protection

recording and influencingprocess variables with sensors

and actuators

A u t o m a t i o n f u n c t i on s

businessmanagement level

production andoperation

management level

process control

level

process variablelevel

field level

Leve ls o f a com pany

A u t o m a t i o n f u n c t i on s



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Qu est i on r ef er r in g t o Ch ap t er 1 .5

How do amounts of data and time requirements behave on the different

levels of management of technical processes?

On the upper hierarchy levels only little amounts of data are exchanged.

Actions on the process variables level take effect within the scope ofminutes.

The lower the level, the more critical the time requirements.

A n s w e r

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1.6 Technical systems IA


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Process variables, that are allocated to the course of physical

state-variables with a continuous or piecewise continuous range of values

example: temperatures in a heating system

Process variables, that are allocated to certain discrete process states

physical variables with a continuous range of values that characterize

the process states

binary process variables that are allocated to state transitions i.e., to

events that cause the change of state

example: switch setting: 0/off - 1/on

Types o f occur r in g p r ocess var iab les ( 1 )

continuous process variables

process state variables



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Process variables that are allocated to individually identifiable objects

physical variables with a continuous range of values

example: temperature of a slab in a clogging mill,

size of a part in a store

non-physical variables

example: type, design, application, depot number

Types o f occur r in g p r ocess var iab les ( 2 )

object-related process variables



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continuous processes

sequential processes, discrete event type processes

object-related processes, discrete object type processes

Caution! - a clear distinction is not always possible!

example: transportation as a continuous and object-related process

Def in i t i on o f t h r ee p rocess t ypes in t echn ica l sys tem s



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physical variables with a (at least piecewise)continuous range of values

Process variables

generation processes,

transformation processes,

movements, etc.

Examples

processes containing time-dependent continuousprocess variables

Characteristics

differential equations (time as an independent

variable), transfer functions

Mathematic

models

Cont inu ous p r ocesses in t echn ica l sys tem s



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binary signals that cause or indicate discrete processstates as well as continuous physical variables

allocated to process states

Process variables

sequences of process states during start-up or

shut-down of a turbine, sequence of states during the

operation of an elevator, sequence of states during

production using a machine tool

Examples

processes containing sequences ofdifferent, distinguishable process states

Characteristics

flow charts, function plans according to DIN 40719,

state models, Petri nets

Models

Sequen t ia l p r ocesses in t echn ica l sys tem s



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physical variables with a continuous range of valuesor non-physical variables (e.g., type, design, application,

bay number) that are allocated to the objects, as well

as binary variables, that cause or indicate state changes

of objects

Process variables

processes during the manufacturing of parts,

traffic processes, storage processes,

information processes in computers

Examples

processes during which individually identifiableobjects are transformed, transported or stored

Characteristics

simulation models, queue-models, state models,

Petri nets, OO-models

Models

Obj ect - r e la ted p r ocesses in t echn ica l sys tem s


Cl i f i i h d


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Classification according to the kind of...

transformed or transported medium

effect

material-related transformation

dominating process type

example: material related processes, energy related processes,

information related processes

example: generation processes, distribution processes, storageprocesses

example: chemical processes, production processes

example: continuous processes, sequential processes, object-relatedprocesses

Class i f i ca t ion m eth ods


A i t f t h i l t t


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Technical processes can contain processes of different types,

a process in turn can be a technical process.

energy-related

processes

continuous processes,

sequential processeschemicalprocesses


sequential processes

production

processes


sequential processes,object-related processes

Technical processes Process types

material-handlingprocesses

continuous processes,sequential processes,

object-related processes

Ass ignm ent o f t echn ica l p rocesses t o p r ocess t ypes


E m l


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Generation of electric energy in a turbo generator continuous process

sequential process (start-up sequence)

Chemical processes

Batch processes

single process steps are continuous processes

sequence of steps is a sequential process

Manufacturing a swivel plate

transportation of the machine parts is an object-related process

manufacturing process consists of a sequence of steps (mount part,

drive machine to position etc.), thus it is a sequential process

cutting process is a continuous process

Energy-related processes

Examples :

Film: Plant Automation of an Oil Refinery [2 min.]

Production process


Quest ion r e fe r r i ng t o Chap t e r 1 6


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A n s w e r

The IAS modular production system is shown below.

Which kind of processes do you identify in this system?

Continuous processes(e.g. transportation)

Object-related processes(all work steps are done atthe barrels)

Sequential processes (allindividual assembly stations arepassed through sequentially)

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1.7 Graphical representation of technical processes1.8 Effects of industrial automation on people, society and environment


1.7 Graphical representation of technical processes IA

Flow d iag ram


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Similar to block diagrams used in control engineering

Processes and process steps are represented as rectangles

Arrows represent the information or material flow

Bundles of connections are shown as double lines with arrow

Example:

separate

solvent

final productdissolve

materialdissolved

raw

material

solvent

additivecrushed

additive

crush

inter-mediate

reaction

product

Flow d iag ram


I n f o r m at i o n / m at e r ia l- o r ien t e d r e pr e sen t a t i on


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Information/materials as circles

Processes/functions as linking arrows

Example:

material

solvent

material

dissolved

dissolve

dissol

ve

reac

tion

additiveadditive

crushed

crush

reaction

solvent

finalproduct

sep

arat

ion

separation

intermediate

product

I n f o r m at i o n / m at e r ia l o r ien t e d r e pr e sen t a t i on


Phase m ode l rep resen t a t i on


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Mixture of flow diagram and information/material-oriented representation

Example:

reaction

inter-

mediate

product

separate

additive subprocess

crush

additive

crushed

raw

material

solvent

sub

process

dissolving

material

dis-

solved

solvent

final

product

Phase m ode l r ep resen t a t i on


Ex am p les fo r t he f l ow d iag r am r ep r esen ta t i on ( 1 )


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crushing

dissolving reaction separation

additive

raw material

solvent

solvent

final product

additive350 kg/h

solvent1000 kg/h

raw material800 kg/h

x

M M

M1 M2

z1

1 bar

20 C

B2B1

P1 P2

1 bar

20 C

heatingsteam

3bar

W1

heatingsteam

solvent700 kg/h

1 bar108 C

final product

1450 kg/h

depot

simple flow diagram

extended process flow diagram

Ex am p les f o r t he f l ow d iag r am r ep r esen ta t i on ( 1 )


Ex am p les f o r t he f l ow d iag r am r ep r esen ta t i on ( 2 )


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additive350 kg/h

F1

solvent1000 kg/h

raw material800 kg/h

FRC

1.01

FRC

2.01

TRC

1.02 LRC

1.03

P1

V106

V101V201 V202

V102V203V103

V204

V105

B1 B2

LRC

1.04

P2

V106

XZ1M

3 hM1

M3 h

M3 h

M3 h

M3 h

V111

TRC

1.02

V304

V301

V302

V303

solvent700 kg/h

V206

heating steam5 bar

W1M2

V110V107

V112

V305

V306

condensate

LRC

1.04

M3 h

K1

final product1450 kg/h

V301

V302

V303

V116

W3

A1

LRC+

1.04W2

Pipes and instrumentation flow diagram

a p es o t e o d ag a ep ese ta t o ( )




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g p

A n s w e r

To which of the following statements concerning the graphicalrepresentation of technical processes do you agree?

In the flowdiagram processes and process steps are represented as

rectangles.

In the flowdiagram the end of a process is represented by an arrow. In the information/material-oriented representation processes are

represented as circles.

The flowdiagram and the information/material-oriented representation use

the same notation.

The information/material-oriented representation is rather used for

organizational processes than for technical processes.

f

f

f

IA



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1.8 Effects of industrial automation on people, society and

environment

1.8 Effects of Industrial Automation on People, Society and Environment IA

I n t e n t i o n a l ( p o s it i v e ) e f f e ct s


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Simplified and more convenient operation automation of a washing machine

automation of a heating system

Production of better, cheaper products of equal quality with loweredproduction costs

automation of chemical production processes

Reduction of hazards to people

ABS system traffic system automation (like inductive train securing, automatic

barrier close)

Better, more humane working conditions

automation of painting or foundry work

Securing jobs through higher competitiveness

use of robots in automobile manufacturing


Un in t en t i ona l ( n egat i v e ) e f f ect s


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Redundancy of workers may lead to unemployment use of robots in manufacturing

Restructuring of jobs due to changes in work flow and fields of work

lower/ higher qualified jobs drop of ancillary tasks

increase of jobs in the service sector

Reduction of human relationships

introduction of ticket vending machines and information systems

Increase of stress and reduction of relaxing tasks

automation of testing systems

Overstraining in difficult situations

safety-critical decision in a nuclear power plant


I n d u s t r i a l au t o m a t i o n h a s e f f ect s o n :


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The au t om at ion eng inee r i s r esponsib le fo r t he e f fect s o fi n d u st r i al a u t o m a t i on !

Direct, immediate responsibility

damages in industrial automation systems designed by him

violations of generally accepted guidelines and regulations(regulations of the VDE, IEEE, etc.)

safety of automation systems

Dilemma: trade-off between benefits and damage

Indirect, collateral responsibility

unintentional side effects

people

society

environment

energy and resources




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Discuss the positive and negative consequences of industrial automationon people, environment, and society.

Chapter 1: What is Industrial Automation? IA

Crossw ord s t o Chapt er 1


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Chapter 1: What is Industrial Automation? IA

Crossw ord s t o Chapt er 1


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Across

3 Denomination of systems which have to be in synchrony withactivities happening in an external system. (4,4,6)

5 Process type of manufacturing of parts. (6,8)

7 Simultaneous reaction to various events (16)

9 Process in which the physical parameters are recorded andinfluenced by technical means. (9,7)

10 Automation technical analog to "tactical level". (7,7,5)

Down

1 Device used to influence process variables. (8)

2 Term describing the extent in which a process is automated.(6,2,10)

4 Graphical representation of technical processes, similar to blockdiagram. (9)

6 Reaction to an event right on time (10)

8 Device used to measure process variables. (6)

what is industrial automation

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