what is intelligence? definition:3 main characteristics 1) 2) 3)
TRANSCRIPT
What is Intelligence?
• Definition: • 3 main characteristics
• 1) • 2)• 3)
Brief History of Intelligence Testing
Alfred Binet
Lewis Terman
(Mental Age)
(Chronological Age)X 100 = IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet IQ Scores
Fig. 8.1
IQs less than 70 = Intellectually Disabled. More than 130 = gifted
Problems with the IQ Formula
David Wechsler
Intelligence Tests Today• Updated versions of Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests are
most commonly used intelligence tests today• IQ score no longer determined by dividing mental age by
chronological age– Now compare total score to others at age level
• Average score = 100• Other scores based on amount of deviation from average
– “normal curve”– Score reflects relative standing within population of your age
Psychological Test Concepts
Types of Psychological Tests
• Intelligence Tests• Aptitude Tests
– A test designed to measure a person’s capacity to learn certain things or perform certain tasks
• SAT, ACT, and GRE (verbal and quantitative components), Wonderlic– Look to measure “potential”
• Achievement Tests– A measure of what a person has accomplished or
learned in a particular area• MCA tests, AP Psychology Exam
• Personality Tests
Aptitude v. Achievement TestsAptitude•
Achievement•
How do we construct Intelligence tests?
Tests must be:
• • •
Standardization• The test must be pre-tested to a
representative sample of people and• Form a normal distribution or bell
curve
Determining Test Quality
• Standardizing– Conditions surrounding a test are as similar as possible for
everyone who takes it• Helps eliminate possible bias of those giving or scoring the test – objective
• Norms• Description of frequency at which particular scores occur, allowing
scores to be compared statistically
– Standardization group• Representative sample of people pretested to determine meaningful
scores
– Percentile score• Percent of individuals in normative group whom the individual has
scored above
Reliability
•
• Spilt halves or test–retest method.
Reliability
• The degree to which a test can be repeated with the same results – “Test-Retest Reliability”
– A group of people take the same test twice
– “Alternate Form Reliability”– Different, but similar test on 2nd trial – reduce practice effects
– “Split-half” method– Correlation is calculated b/w person’s scores on two comparable
halves of test (“Internal Consistency Reliability”)
– Inter-Rater reliability– Determine degree to which different raters/observers give
consistent estimates of same phenomenon
Does Intelligence Change Over Time?
•
Validity
• Content Validity: does the test sample a behavior of interest
• Predictive Validity: does the test predict future behavior.
Criterion related validity
Validity
• The degree to which test scores are interpreted correctly and used appropriately– Content validity
• Content of a test is a fair, representative sample of what the test is supposed to measure
– Criterion-related validity (predictive validity)• Correlation between test scores and an independent
measure of what it is supposed to assess
– Construct validity• Extent to which scores suggest test is measuring
theoretical construct it claims to measure
Flynn Effect
The Flynn Effect
• Performance on IQ scores has steadily increased over generations
– Environmental factors?
• • •
Test Bias?
Tests do discriminate.But some argue that their sole purpose
is to discriminate.We have to look at the type of
discrimination.
Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores
• The Bell curve is different for Whites v. Black.
• Math scores are different across genders and the highest scores are for Asian males.
Why?Nature or Nurture
Theories of Intelligence
Is intelligence one general trait or many specific abilities?
Is intelligence one general trait or many specific abilities?
– L.L. Thurstone
Information Processing Approach
• Theory that attempts to understand intelligence by examining the mental operations (i.e. attention, memory) involved in intelligent behavior–
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence• Robert Sternberg (Tufts University)
– 3 types of intelligence:• Analytic:
• Creative:
• Practical:
Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory
• Howard Gardner (Harvard)
Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory
• Linguistic• Logical-mathematical• Spatial• Musical
• Body-kinesthetic
• Intrapersonal• Interpersonal• Naturalistic
Com
mon
ly m
easu
red
in in
telli
genc
e te
sts
• Suggests they interact, but can function with some independence• Some can become more developed than others
• Critics suggest that many of these are better labeled as “skills” than “intelligences”• Also, don’t really have dependable measures
Emotional Intelligence
• Daniel Goleman, Peter Salovey, John D. Mayer, & others
Is intelligence one thing or several different abilities?• To find out scientists
use FACTOR ANALYSIS:
He saw using FA that doing well in one area of a test predicted that you will do well in another.
Multiple Intelligences
• Howard Gardner disagreed with Spearman’s g and instead came up with the concept of multiple intelligences.
• He came up with the idea by studying savants (a condition where a person has limited mental ability but is exceptional in one area).
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?
• Visual/Spatial • Verbal/Linguistic • Logical/Mathematical• Bodily/Kinesthetic • Musical/Rhythmic • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Natural
Learn More about Gardner
Sternberg’s Three Aspects of Intelligence
Gardner Simplified• Analytical (academic
problem solving).• Creative (generating
novel ideas)• Practical (common
sense).
Gardner’s Three New Intelligences
• Naturalistic intelligence• Spiritual intelligence• Existential intelligence
Types & Characteristics of TestsTypes Aptitude: person’s capability Achievement: person’s knowledge of subject
Characteristics Validity: the ability of the test to measure what
you say it will measure Reliability: the ability of the test to measure a
construct with consistency Standardization: the use of reference scores for
interpreting an individual’s performance
Types of Validity & Reliability of Tests Validity
Content: Complete range of material
Criterion: Compare to other tests of the same measure (high on SAT, high on ACT)
Predictive: future performance (MCAT)
Construct: theoretical or hypothetical construct (depression, intelligence)
Reliability Test-retest:
Alternate form:
Inter-rater:
Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?
• Small +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
• Using an MRI we found +.44 correlation with brain size and IQ score.