what is interventional radiology, a brief pictorial
TRANSCRIPT
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Interventional Radiology
Aaron Shiloh MD FSIRSection Chief
Interventional Radiology
A Primer on Minimally Invasive
Image Guided Therapies
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Overview• Basics of liver directed
therapy• Embolization• Arterial disease and CVI
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Liver Directed Therapy
Local
• RFA
• Microwave
• Cryoablation
Regional
• Chemoembolization
• Drug-Eluting Bead embolization
• Y90 (Glass and Resin) Beads
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Interventional OncologyLocal Treatment Options
Radiofrequency Ablation
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Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
RFA – “the application of high frequency electric currents to heat and coagulate
target tissue”
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RFA – A Variety of Applications
Liver Kidney Bone Lung
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How RF Ablation Works
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RF Pathology
Hyperemic Rim
Coagulation zone(= RF lesion)
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Colorectal metastases
RFA cluster electrode
MR scan 1 week post treatment
CT scan after 14 minute RFA
Radiographic Images, Pre, Intra & Post
Treatment
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Post RFPre RF
RFA Images Pre & Post CT
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Radiofrequency AblationNSC Lung Cancer
3 cm RFA 3 mo S/P RFA/XRT 18 mo S/P RFA/XRT
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RFA for Bone Metastasis
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Summary of RFA Advantages
Preserves liver function in cirrhotic patients Minimally invasive
Local effect Potential for improved quality of life when
combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy Repeatable for recurring disease
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Interventional Oncology
Regional Therapeutic Options
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Interventional Oncology
Chemoembolization&
Bland Embolization
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Chemoembolization & Bland Embolization
HCC Metastases
Neuroendocrine Colorectal Breast Melanoma RCC
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TheraSphere®
HCC one of most common forms of cancer worldwide (est. 1 million new cases annually) In US, NCI estimate 19,160 new cases and 16,780
deaths in 20071
Incidence increasing with rise in hepatitis C-induced cirrhosis
5-10% of HCC patients are resectable2 1 National Cancer Institute www.cancer.gov (accessed December 1, 2008)2 Llovet, JM. Current Treatment Options for Gastroenterology. 2004;7:431-441
HCC Epidemiology
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HCC: Difficult to Treat, Few Effective Treatment Options
Tenuous liver functions (cirrhosis, hepatitis)
Spontaneous decompensation Resistant to standard chemotherapy and
low dose radiation Responsive to high dose radiation
TheraSphere®
HCC Epidemiology
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Limited Treatment Options for HCC
Therapeutic Options: Resection or transplantation
Unresectable HCC treatment options: Radiofrequency ablation Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE or Drug
Eluting Beads) Transarterial TheraSphere, Y90 Glass Microspheres External Beam radiation Systemic therapy (ie. Sorafenib) No treatment
TheraSphere®
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What is TheraSphere®
20-30 µm glass microspheres Y-90 is an integral constituent of the glass
matrix Innovative treatment to deliver powerful, targeted
radiation inside the liver
Y-90 glass microspheres comparison to human hairTheraSphere dose vial
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Administered via hepatic artery catheter
Targeted internal radiation due to tumor hypervascularity
Microspheres are trapped in the tumor arterioles and are minimally-embolic (microembolization)
Pure beta-emitter Average beta emission energy is
0.9367 MeV Average penetration range in
tissue is 2.5 mm Physical half-life is 64.2 hours and
decays to stable zirconium-90
Mechanism of Action
TheraSphere®
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Embolization tools
• Coils• Gelfoam• Alcohol• Particles• Glue
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It wouldn’t be an IR conference if I didn’t show a case that happened
yesterday…
• 42 y/o obese female with Right 3 cm AML treated 8 yrs prior with
embolization at another institution when the AML was alledgedly 7 cm
and spontaneously bled.
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Bronchial Artery
The patient presented with hemoptysis and a known right
perihilar lung cancer. The patient had been previously brought to the
operating room where an endotracheal tube was placed as
well as a bronchial blocker
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GDA• Duodenal ulcer oversewn 10 days prior• Repeat severe upper gi bleeding• At endoscopy found to have a large visible
vessel that was bleeding and three clips were placed.
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Embolization
Uterine Fibroid Embolization
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Procedure Small incision
in skin
– Catheter inserted into femoral artery
Femoral Artery
Uterine Fibroid Embolization
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Procedure
– Dye is injected
– Blood no longer reaches fibroids
UterineArtery
– Catheter is steered to uterine artery
– Small inert particles “emboli” are injected– Branches of uterine
artery are blocked
– Fibroids shrink over time
Uterine Fibroid Embolization
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Procedure
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Arterial DiseaseOne patient, many techniques
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Chronic Venous Insufficiency
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Epidemiology: Prevalence
Of the over 30 million Americansaffected:• Only 1.9 million seek treatment
annually1,2
• While the vast majority remain undiagnosed and untreated
CVI Prevalence*,1,2
30,000,000+
Seek Treatment *2 1,900,000
Treated447,0002 (Table 30)
*Statistics based on individuals over the age of 40
More than 30 million Americans suffer from varicose veins or a more seriousform of venous disease called Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI).1
1. Gloviczki P, et al. The care of patients with varicose veins and associated chronic diseases: clinical practice guidelines of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the American Venous Forum. JVS; May 2011.2. Lee, A. US markets for varicose vein treatment devices 2011. Millennium Research Group, Inc. (A Decision Resource, Inc. Company), www.mrg.net, May 2011.
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Epidemiology: Risk Factors
Many factors contribute to the presence of venousdisease and CVI including1,2,3,4,5:
• Gender
• Age
• Family history
• Multiple pregnancy
• Standing occupation
• Obesity
• Prior injury or surgery
1. "Chronic Venous Insufficiency." Vascular Web. Society For Vascular Surgery, Jan. 2011. Web. 17 Aug. 2011. http://www.vascularweb.org/vascularhealth/Pages/chronic-venous-insufficiency.aspx. 2. Maurins U, Hoffmann BH, Lösch C, Jöckel KH, Rabe E, Pannier F. Distribution and prevalence of reflux in the superficial and deep venous system—results from the Bonn vein study, Germany. J Vasc Surg.2008;48:680-87.3. Criqui MH et al. Epidemiology of chronic peripheral venous disease; JJ Bergan Editor, The Vein Book, Elsevier Academic Press .(2007):30.4. Chiesa R, Marone EM, Limoni C, Volonte M, Schaefer E, Petrini O. Chronic venous insufficiency in Italy: the 24-cities cohort study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2005;30:422-429.5. Rabe E, Pannier F. Epidemiology of chronic venous disorders; P. Glovicki, Editor, Handbook of venous disorders (3rd edition), Hodder Arnold.(2009);109.
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Anatomy: Venous System
• Venous blood flows from the capillaries to the heart
• Flow occurs against gravity– Muscular compression of the
veins – Negative intrathoracic pressure– Calf muscle pump
• Low flow, low pressure system
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Etiology & Pathophysiology
Healthy veins, with competent vein valves, keep blood moving in one direction back to the heart
Diseased veins, with damaged vein valves, cause blood to move in both directions, elevating venous pressure
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Single puncture percutaneous access under ultrasound guidance
Temperature controlled 85°C heating at or below deep fascia
Endovenous ablation specifically indicated to treat incompetent perforator veins
The Venefit™ Procedure with the ClosureRFS™Stylet
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The Venefit™ Procedure with the ClosureRFS™Stylet
Click graphic to play video
• Ultrasound exam to diagnose vein reflux
• Outpatient or hospital procedure
• Local or general anesthetic
• Quick return to normal activities – often within a few days1
1. Roth S, Endovenous radiofrequency ablation of superficial and perforator veins, Surg Clin N Am 87:1267-1284(2007)
*Indications, contraindications, warnings, and instructions for use can be found in the product labeling supplied with each device.CAUTION: Federal (USA) restricts this device to sale by or on order of a physician.
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