what is psychology?. definitions? psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour
TRANSCRIPT
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What is Psychology?
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Definitions?
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Definitions?
• Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour
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Psychological Concepts
• Memory and recall
• Learning
• Perception
• Thinking and cognition
• Creativity
• Attitudes and behaviour
• Individual differences and personality
• Intelligences
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Schools of Thought…
• Psychodynamics
• Nativism (Rationalist/Biological)
• Behaviourism (S-R)
• Cognitive Psychology
• Humanistic Psychology
• Constructivist theories
• Social Psychology
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Sigmund Freud (1865-1939): ‘I set myself the task of bringing to light what human beings keep hidden within them… the task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which is quite possible to achieve’.
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936): Studied the conditioned and unconditioned responses of animals to stimuli. Concluded that learning occurred as an association (coupling) of one event with another. Stimulus-Response.
• Classical Conditioning
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A Brief History of Psychology
• B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): • Behaviourism• A behaviour followed by a
reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behaviour occurring in the future.
• Operant Conditioning• Extinction of behaviour
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987):
• Humanistic approach to learning
• Unconditional positive regard
• Student centred learning (Client centred approach)
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Humanist Psychology
• A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding an assessment of behavior.
• This approach: – Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis.– Emphasized creativity and achieving
potential.
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Social Motives• Motives acquired through experience and
interaction with others (McClelland, Murray)– Need for achievement (n Ach)
• The need to accomplish something difficult and to perform at a high standard of excellence
– Need for affiliation • The need to have harmonious relationships with other
people and to be accepted by others
– Need for power • Personal – want to direct others• Institutional – want to organize efforts of others to meet the
needs of the institution
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Need for Achievement• Characteristics of achievers
– High n Ach • pursue goals that are challenging, yet attainable
through hard work, ability, determination, and persistence
• see their success as a result of their own talents, abilities, persistence, and hard work
– Low n Ach • not willing to take chances when it comes to
testing their own skills and abilities• when fail, usually give up quickly
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• Parents can foster n Ach – give children responsibilities– teach them to think and act independently
from the time they are very young– stress excellence, persistence, and
independence– praise them sincerely for their
accomplishments
Need for Achievement
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Academic/Research Psychologists
• Research in areas of basic or applied psychology.
• Examples include:– Experimental psychologists– Educational psychologists– Developmental psychologists– Industrial/Organizational psychologists– Psychometric psychologists
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©1999 Prentice Hall
What Psychologists Do
• Academic/research psychologists
• Psychological practitioners
• Psychologists in other settings
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©1999 Prentice Hall
What Areas do Psychology Undergraduates Pursue?
• Psychology• Other• Counseling• Education• Social work• Medicine• Law • Health Sciences• Business• Sociology
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Psychologists in Other Settings
• Sports• Consumer Issues• Advertising• Organizational Problems• Environmental Issues
• Public policy• Opinion polls• Military training• Animal behavior• Legal Issues
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Clinical Psychologists are not:
• Psychotherapists
• Psychoanalysts
• Psychiatrists
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©1999 Prentice Hall
Psychological Practitioners
• Counseling psychologists help people deal with problems associated with everyday life.
• School psychologists work with parents, teachers and students to enhance student performance.
• Clinical psychologists diagnose, treat, and study mental or emotional problems.
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Edward Tolman (1886-1959):
• Cognitive Shift Theory
• Cognitive Map
• Challenge to Behaviourism
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A Brief History of Psychology• Leon Festinger (1919-1989):
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Describes conflicting thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that occur at the same time, or when engaged in behaviours that conflict with one's beliefs.
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (1902-1987):
• Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Self Actualisation
• Psychology of Being
• ‘Peak experiences’
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A Brief History of Psychology• Lev Vygostsky (1896-
1934):
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
• Social learning
• Co-operative learning
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Jean Piaget (1896-1980):
• The child as a solo scientist
• Discovery learning
• Assimilation and Accommodation
• Schema Theory
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Jerome Bruner (1915-):
• Scaffolding
• The ‘spiral curriculum’
• ‘Cognition is involved in everything a human being might possibly do…’
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A Brief History of Psychology
• Howard Gardner(1943-): • Theory of Multiple
Intelligences• ‘An important part of that
understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do... Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves’.
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