what is psychology? the science that seeks to answer how and why we think, feel, and act the way we...
TRANSCRIPT
What is Psychology?
• The SCIENCE that seeks to answer how and why we think, feel, and act the way we do
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What is Psychology NOT?
• The study of psychology does not give us “the purpose of life.”
• It does not replace faith and morals.
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“Pre-Science” Psychology
• 400-350 B.C.• Plato: Character & intelligence are
largely inherited; certain ideas are inborn.
• Aristotle: Everything of the mind comes 1st from the external world
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“Pre-Science” Psychology
• Early 1600s• Rene Descartes: “Cogito ergo sum”• Some ideas are inborn• “Dualism”• Father of modern philosophy
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“Pre-Science” Psychology
• Late 1600s• John Locke• Rejected the notion of
inborn ideas• Proponent of “tabula rasa”
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“Pre-Science” Psychology
• Late 1600s• Thomas Hobbes• Human behavior is directed by
self-interest• Psychological “hedonism”
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“Pre-Science” Psychology
• Late 1700s• Franz Mesmer• “Animal magnetism”• Precursor of hypnosis
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“Pre-Science” Psychology
• Early 1800s
• Francis Gall
• “Phrenology”
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Phrenology9
The Birth of the Science of Psychology
• Late 1800s• Wilhelm Wundt• Father of Experimental
Psychology• University of Leipzig
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Early “Schools” of Psychology
“Structuralism” vs. “Functionalism”
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“Structuralism”• Wundt & his graduate student, Titchener• Titchener, late 1800s, lab at Cornell • Idea: engage people in introspection; have
them report their sensations/feelings• Learn about “structural” elements of the mind
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“Functionalism”• William James, late 1800s• How do our mental and behavioral
processes enable us to survive, adapt and flourish?
• Heavily influenced by Darwin, 1859• 1st psychology textbook: Principles of
Psychology
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A “Taste” of Psychology History”
• What would the structuralists ask?
• What would the functionalists ask?
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“Functionalism”• G. Stanley Hall, late 1800s• Graduate student of William James• Focused on childhood development and
evolutionary theory• First President of the American
Psychological Association (APA)
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“Early Sexist Views!”• Mary Culkins, James’ graduate student• 1890, Harvard denied her a Ph.D.• 1st female president of APA in 1905• Pioneering memory researcher
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First Female to Get a Ph.D in Psychology
• Margaret Washburn• Ph.D. advisor was Titchener (Structuralism)• “The Animal Mind”• 2nd female president of APA in 1921
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Is It the Same or Different?
• Weber and Fechner• 2-point sensory threshhold• “just-noticeable-difference”
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I Wonder What Happens if…?
• Pierre Flourens (mid 1800s)• Used lesion (ablation) method
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Broca’s Aphasia
• Paul Broca (mid 1800s)• Studied individuals who had strokes
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Operationalization
• Ebbinghaus (late 1800s)• First to study mental processes in a
measurable way• Non-sense syllables: CAZ, KIB, BLE• Pioneer of memory studies• Established a “forgetting curve”
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• Ivan Pavlov, early 1900s• Pioneered the study of learning• Classical conditioning
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• E. L. Thorndike, mid 1900s• Law of Effect• Cats in Puzzle Boxes
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• Freud, Adler & Jung• Pioneered the psychoanalytic movement
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner and
Edward Tolman• “Behavioral” school of psychology
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• John B. Watson• The Little Albert Experiment
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• Wolfgang Kohler
• “Gestalt” psychology
• "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts"
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Illustration of the Gestalt Theory
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• Jean Piaget• 4 Stages of Childhood Development
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow• “Humanistic” school of psychology
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• Karen Horney• One of the first female psychiatrists• “Neo-Freudian”• Essay: The Problem of Feminine
Masochism• Feminist movement would not have
occurred without her!
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?
• Alfred Bandura
• Social Learning Theory
• The Bobo Doll Experiment
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• “Cognitive Neuropsychology”• Interdisciplinary study of how brain
activity is linked to perception, thinking, memory and language (cognition)
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How did Psychology Develop from 1920s to
Present Day?• “Behavioral Genetics”• The scientific study of the
interrelationship of genetic mechanisms and behavior, both human and animal
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