what is science?
DESCRIPTION
What is science?. Agenda for Thursday Sept 4 th Nature of science/scientific method. Resources. Your User Name : kendricknovak Your Password : password You can log on at http://my.hrw.com Novak’s teacher website. Questions. What is science? Why do we do science? How do we do science?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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What is science?
Agenda for Thursday Sept 4th 1. Nature of science/scientific method
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Resources
Your User Name: kendricknovakYour Password: password
You can log on at http://my.hrw.com
Novak’s teacher website
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Questions
What is science?
Why do we do science?
How do we do science?
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Nature of Science
• Science – body of knowledge based on the study of nature– Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science
• Process based on inquiry that seeks to develop explanations
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7 things Science does
• Relies on evidence• Expands knowledge• Challenges accepted theories• Questions results• Tests claims• Peer Review• Uses metric system
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The Scientific Method involves a series of steps that are used
to investigate a natural occurrence.
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Problem/QuestionObservation/Research
Formulate a HypothesisExperiment
Collect and Analyze ResultsConclusion
Communicate the Results
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Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Problem/Question: Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
2. Observation/Research: Make observations and research your
topic of interest.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
3. Formulate a Hypothesis: Predict a possible answer to the problem
or question.Example: If soil temperatures rise,
then plant growth will increase.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
4. Experiment: Develop and follow a procedure.
Include a detailed materials list.
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Experimental Design• Control group – used for comparison, baseline
– may be a “no treatment” group– exposed to same conditions as experimental group,
except for the variable being tested– All experiments should have a control group
• Experimental Group – group that gets tested• 1 factor changes at a time
•Many trials
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Experimental Design• Independent (manipulated) variable – a factor
that’s intentionally varied by the experimenter– tested factor
• Dependent (responding) variable – the factor that may change as a result of independent variable
• depends on the outcome of the independent variable• What you want to measure
• Constant – remains same in every test experiment
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Data• Information gathered during an experiment
– Qualitative – observations
– Quantitative – numbers
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Steps of the Scientific Method
5. Collect and Analyze Results: Modify the procedure if needed.Confirm the results by retesting.
Include tables, graphs, and photographs.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
6. Conclusion: Include a statement that accepts or rejects the
hypothesis.Make recommendations for further
study and possible improvements to the procedure.
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Steps of the Scientific Method
7. Communicate the Results: Be prepared to present the project.
Paper, presentations
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Think you can name all seven steps?
Problem/QuestionObservation/ResearchFormulate a HypothesisExperimentCollect and Analyze ResultsConclusionCommunicate the Results
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What is qualitative data? What is quantitative data?
Agenda for Friday Sept 5th 1. Types of graphs2. Outside lab
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What type of graph to use• Line graph. • Pie Chart.• Bar Graph. • Area Graph.• X-Y Plot.
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Leaf Lab DirectionsPart A1. Make 10 observations of the tree/leaf/outside
Part B2. Each person acquire 1 leaf.3. Measure (in cm) from base of leaf to tip of leaf.4. Record you and your partners lengths in data table5. Compile class data6. Record class data7. Make graph
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Observations and inferences
• Inference - using observations, prior knowledge/experiences, and details from context to make connections and come up with ideas.
• Deduction – make a conclusion from something known or assumed
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Models• A representation of an object or event
– Technology• Computer simulated model
• Hands on exploration
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Hypotheses, Theories, Laws
• hypothesis – a suggested explanation; • a proposal based on reason that predicts a
possible correlation between multiple phenomena (incidents, events, observations, etc.)
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Laws
• law – notes only that something happens;• happens consistently and across the universe• usually simply stated• frequently can be stated mathematicallyExample:• Newton’s 2nd Law: a = f/m
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Theories
• theory – explains why something happens;• A framework about a class or group of
phenomena• Note – Theories are never “proven” – they are
confirmed by overwhelming data; all theories, like all ideas in science, are subject to correction
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Four areas of Bias
• Representation of data• Funding of Research• Cultural Bias• Testing
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Representation of Data
• Graphical/statistical
1 29
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
12.5
1 20
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
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Funding of research
• Who is funding the research?–Bp or Exxon oil
• (Global climate change)–Tobacco industry (risks of smoking)–Audubon Society
• (Location of pipeline / Arctic drilling)–Greenpeace
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Cultural Bias
• Questionnaires or surveys:–Surveys written in English given
to non-English language speakers
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Testing
• Subjects used for testing–Animals / Humans for cosmetics or
pharmaceuticals
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Scientific Method practice
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Mr. Novak is working on a science project. His task is to answer the question: "Does Plantgro (a commercial plant product) affect the speed of plant growth".
Q: Describe how Mr. Novak would perform this experiment. Identify the control group, and the independent and dependent variables in your description.
Agenda for Friday Dec 13th 1. Quiz2. Read article
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Julie soaked six different kinds of seeds in water for 24 hours. Then she planted the seeds in soil at a depth of 1 cm. She used the same amount of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed to see how each seed would grow.What 4 factors are being controlled?What is the independent variable?Agenda for Monday Dec 16th 1. Alka Seltzer lab part 1
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What is the difference between a theory and a law?
Agenda for Tuesday Dec 17th 1. Alka seltzer lab part 2
Test Friday
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1 2 3 4 5 6 Ave
Groups 1/2 A lot 51.4 56.5 55.6 56.15 69.2 67
Groups 3/4 200 mL 46.8 72 52 61 52 40
Groups 5/6 A little 48 34.6 28.7 26.1 20 20.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 Ave
Groups 7/8 Hot 18.9 19.5 23.8 24.6 25.8 24.9
Groups 9/10 Room Temp 52 50 56 65 57 90
Groups 11/12 Cold 75.3 63.3 80 86.2 94.9 122.5
Period 5 Data
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1 2 3 4 5 6 Ave
Groups 1/2 A lot 50.9 42.4 48 55.2 50.9 59.8
Groups 3/4 200 mL 55 54.3 49.6 49.4 49.1 48
Groups 5/6 A little 46.6 42.2 43.8 50.3 46.4 63.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 Ave
Groups 7/8 Hot 27 26 25 17.1 23.1 24.9
Groups 9/10 Room Temp 57.2 36.5 38.17 30.6 36.19 34.3
Groups 11/12 Cold 95 108 123 104 101 115
1 2 3 4 5 6 Ave
Groups 13/14 Stirred 45 38 53 47 36 33
Groups 15/16 Not stirred 43 81 100 94 81 72
Period 3 Data
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What is the difference between control and constants?
Agenda for Wednesday Dec 18th
1. Scientific method practice2. Design Bridge
Test Friday
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List the 4 areas of bias.
Agenda for Thursday Dec 19th 1. Build and Test Bridge
Test Tomorrow**I will look at stamps***
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TEST
• Scientific method– Independent/dependent variable– Control group/experimental– Constants
• Areas of bias• Observation/inferences• Qualitative/quantitative
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Engineering points
• some lessons about design: – Build the simplest thing that could possibly work.
“simple” DOES NOT equal“stupid”.– Go with the strengths of the material you’re given.