what is science?. defining science: science: knowledge gained from the careful, systematic...
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What is Science?
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Defining Science:
Science: knowledge gained from the careful, systematic investigation of the natural world
Life Science: the knowledge gained when scientific investigation is applied to living things in the natural world.
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Thinking Scientifically:
NOT ALL THINKING IS SCIENTIFIC!!!
To be scientific thinking, it must have these characteristics:CuriosityCautionCommitment to certain
presuppositions
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Terms to Know:
Observation – info gained from using one or more of the five senses
Inference – a logical conclusion
Universal Negative – a statement that excludes everything
Value judgment – determination of the worth of something
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Terms to Know:Final answer – an answer that is absolutely
true and never needs to be rejected
Scientism – those who believe that science is the only way to learn about the world
Worldview – a perspective from which a person interprets life
Presupposition – an idea that a person takes for granted without having convincing proof
Christian worldview – belief that the Bible is the word of God and only reliable thing in the world (most important)
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Main Teachings of a Christian Worldview:
Creation – God has created everything
Fall – man has fallen into a tragic state because of sin
God is working to redeem the world to himself
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Why study Life Science?
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God made living things for HIS glory!
Romans 11:36
Life science…demonstrate God’s greatness
more clearlyStrengthens appreciation for
God’s goodnessShows the Truth of God’s
loving care in action
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Dominion Mandate:
“Be fruitful and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the seas, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth” Genesis 1:28
Mankind has a responsibility to govern God’s creation
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Dominion Mandate:
Life Science is important to the work of the Dominion Mandate
This command however, does not give us permission to abuse what God has made
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Living things are cursed because of SIN
There are physical and mental effects of the fall
Life is filled with painful struggle
Wrong thinking…
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God is redeeming this world to Himself
Relieving human suffering
Proclaiming the Gospel
Its time to reclaim Life Science for God’s Glory
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What do scientists do?
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So how do you DO science?
Review: What is science?
Scientific Method: an organized way of arriving at a workable solution
In reality – scientist do science in many ways!
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One process followed in science…
Establish the problem
Form a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
Classify and analyze data
Choose and verify the answer
Predict outcomes
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In order to solve problems – must fall within limitations of science:
Observable
Measurable
Repeatable
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Hypothesis – “an educated guess”
- It helps you in designing an experiment or survey
- Key Terms:- Data- Survey- Experiment- Experimental variable- Experimental group- Control group
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Classify the data --- what does it all mean?
Choose an answer! (must be verified)
Predict outcomes!
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Why Classify?
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Benefits to classifying living things
Classify – means to arrange things into groups
Think about the shoes…
Good classification helps by:Learning about characteristics of
individuals and whole group (generalization)
Makes it easier to organize and find information about specific organisms
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Benefits to classifying living things
Classification today is based on physical characteristics
The modern classification system (Carolus Linnaeus)
Seven basic levels from largest to smallest
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
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Scientific Names
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Why scientific names?
Each scientific name given to one organism
Two-name system
First name – Genus
Second name – species
Genus names capitalized, species – not
Both italicized
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Why scientific names?
Scientific name usually latinized
The first person to publish a description is usually the one to give its scientific name
Note: Genesis 2:19 – God directs Adam to name organisms…
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Problems of Classification
Because we are human, mistakes can be made!
Uncertainty in classifying lack of clear definition or
understanding of what is what!
False conclusionsGet the term “related”
misunderstood, assuming it means “common ancestor”
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Problems of Classification
Species and Biblical kinds
Gen 1:11, 24 – God commands all things to reproduce after “their kind”
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Complete Section Review 2B and 2C
Then begin to work on and complete Ideas 2B, C, D, E
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3A – Living Organisms
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What is Life?
Organism – a complete living thing
Organisms…Have life spansCan reproduceGrow
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What is Life?Organisms…Are made of cellsCell – tiny unit of living material
surrounded by a thin membraneMade mostly of water and contain
organic compoundsUnicellular vs. multicellularTissue – a group of similar cells
working togetherColonial organisms – organisms
made of many cells that usually live together BUT could live by themselves!
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What is Life?
Organisms…Require energyEnergy – the ability to do workMovement requires energy
Respond to their environmentRequires energy to respond to
conditions
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What is Life?Organisms also have a Physical Life
and Spiritual LifePhysical life is part of God’s
creative processA complex organization of nonliving
substances that is kept alive by using energy and has characteristics of living things
Life is a condition of being alive (through our understanding of who God is and what He has done!)
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What is Life?
Spiritual LifeGod often describes spiritual life
by comparing it to the physical life
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Warm-upOpen up your interactive notebook
to the next two pages.
Title the top of the LEFT page “Bacteria what?” reflection and the date
Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdoms Archaebacteria and Eubacteria” and date
Answer the following question on the LEFT page:What are bacteria? Why are they
important?
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11A – Kingdoms Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria
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The two Bacteria KingdomArchaebacteria – make up the
smaller kingdomHave cell walls that lack special
compounds found only in the walls of eubacteria
More likely to be found in extreme environments (springs, salty lakes, sewage, and the intestines of some animals)
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The two Bacteria KingdomEubacteria – contain more familiar
organismsResponsible for decomposing most
organic matterKingdom also contains disease-
causing organismsExamples: cyanobacteria (blue-
green algae)
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Rapid growth ratesTiny organisms whose average
length is about 1 micrometer
With proper conditions – can grow and reproduce every twenty minutes!
A large group of bacteria can be seen without the aid of a microscope
To grow rapidly, bacteria need:FoodOxygenSpace
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Rapid growth ratesMany die due to lack of oxygen or
food, or due to the build up of wastes as a result of overcrowding
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The Body Structure of BacteriaThree basic shapes: (draw the shapes
in your interactive notebook)Spherical - CoccusSpiral - SpirillumRod-shaped – bacillus
They may appear as individuals or as a group living togetherStaph – bacteria arranged in a clusterStrep – arranged in end to end long
chains
Thus Streptococcus (Strep throat) - chains of spherical bacteria
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The Body Structure of BacteriaSome bacteria can move!Flagellum – a long thread-like
structure that spins like a propeller
Others reproduce asexually by binary fission
Importance of Bacteria –They can make us sick (plague,
leprosy, strep throat, food poisoning)BUT they are actually more helpful
than harmful!Decomposers, food (yogurt, pickles,
cheese), and antibiotics and other chemicals!
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Warm-up Open up your interactive notebook to the
next two pages.
Title the top of the LEFT page “Protists what?” reflection and the date (8/31/10)
Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom Protista” and date (8/31/10)
Fill out the self evaluation sheet on your desk about how you participated in your group project.
Go ahead and finish Ideas 11A and section review 11A – you have 15 minutes to finish and then we will grade it!
THIS IS AN INDEPENDENT ASSIGNMENT!
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11B – Kingdom Protista
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ProtistsA very diverse kingdom
They can move, reproduce, get food
All have nuclei and are unicellular
Two groups:Protozoa (animal-like)Can move themselves and capture
preyExample: Paramecium and amoeba
Algae (plant-like)Perform photosynthesisUnable to move themselvesExample: Spirogyra
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ProtistsEuglena – characteristics of both –
can move AND perform photosynthesis
Structure and movementUnicellular – if can live by itselfMulticellular – cannot live aloneColony – a group of unicellular
protists living together, but can live alone
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ProtistsThree ways protists moveFlagella – whiplike hairs (Euglena)Cilia – small hairlike projections
(Paramecium)Pseudopodia – forming a bulge;
“false foot” (Amoeba)
Look at handout on Protists
NutritionEat other protists, bacteria, debris,
or use energy to make their own food
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ProtistsParamecium – oral groove
Euglena – photosynthesis
Food vacuoles
Importance of Protists Involvement in ocean’s planktonSome scientists estimate that 90% of
all food energy in the ocean originated from protists with chloroplasts
Diseases and harmful events caused by protists:MalariaAfrican sleeping sicknessRed tide
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ProtistsReproduction in ProtistsAsexually by mitotic cell divisionFragmentation – of coloniesConjugationCell division
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Warm-upOpen up your interactive
notebook to the next two pages.
Title the top of the LEFT page “Fungi what?” reflection and the date (9/2/10)
Title the top of the RIGHT page “Kingdom Fungi” and date (9/2/10)
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Warm-upOn the “Fungi What?” page (Left)
you will observe various mushrooms and you will
Write down and describe what you see.
Draw what you see.
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11C – Kingdom Fungi
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Structural Characteristics of Fungi
Two common types of fungi – black bread mold and the edible mushroom
Hyphae – long filaments of fungal cells
Black bread mold – example of filamentous hyphae
Stalk of mushroom – example of hyphae grouped together
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Structural Characteristics of Fungi
All fungi produce sporesSpores are involved in
reproduction and survive through unfavorable growth conditions
Black Bread mold has 3 types of hyphae:Rootlike (rhizoids)Spreading (stolons)Spore-bearing (sporangia)
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Structural Characteristics of Fungi
The main parts of the edible mushroom:StalkCap Gills
Mycelia – densely packed hyphae
Label the diagram in your handoutsYOU WILL NEED TO BE ABLE TO
LABEL THIS ON YOUR TEST!!
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Warm-upFINISH LABELING YOUR
MUSHROOM AND BLACK MOLD DIAGRAM!
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Obtaining EnergyFungi DO NOT have chloroplasts
They get energy from material around them
They secrete digestive enzymes into the area around them
Saprophyte – if the food is already dead before the fungus absorbs it
Parasite – if the food is alive before absorbing
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Obtaining EnergyLichen – Fungi living together
with algae
Symbiotic – When both species benefit from each other from living together
Mycorrhizae – Fungi living in symbiotic association with the roots of plants
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Ecological and Economical Importance
Important members of the natural environment
Many industries are based on fungi and their by-products
Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in the world
They also interact with plants in beneficial and harmful ways
Blue cheese, yeast, Penicillin