what is science? science is the process of gaining knowledge and investigating by making...
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WHAT IS SCIENCE?Science is the process of gaining
KNOWLEDGE and INVESTIGATING by making OBSERVATIONS, posing
QUESTIONS, and testing through EXPERIMENTATION
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•The car won’t start!
•Why won’t it start?
•Maybe because the tank is empty
•If I fill the tank, then the car
should start.
•Test your hypothesis: fill the tank
It works? Your hypothesis was correct.
What if it doesn’t work?
The Scientific Method
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It still won’t start - Test a NEW hypothesis:
•New hypothesis: The battery is dead.
Test: Change the battery
•New hypothesis: The starter is broken.
Test: Change the starter.
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The Scientific Method
1. PROBLEM – question to be studied
Observation – Using senses to gather information
Making INFERENCES – Using reasoning to come to a conclusion based on observations
Examples…
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Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is used in basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is used in table-tennis.
Each object is used in a different sport.
Observation vs. Inference
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
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2. HYPOTHESIS – educated guess to answer the problem
*** MUST be TESTABLE***
3. PREDICTION – what you expect to happen if the hypothesis is true
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4. EXPERIMENT – test of the hypothesis
A. Control – standard used for comparisonB. Variables
1. Manipulated/Independent – factor that experimenter changes
2. Dependent/Responding – result of the change (depends on variable
above)3. Controlled –
factors kept constant
***Ask yourself “Does this variable depend on the other?” REMEMBER: MIX and DRY
C. Data Collection1. QUANTITATIVE – numerical data, quantity2. QUALITATIVE – descriptive data
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5. CONCLUSION – summary of the results of the experiment ***Evaluates the hypothesis***
6. THEORY – a tested hypothesis over time that becomes an accepted scientific principle
*Always subject to revision or replacement!
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Designing an Experiment
State the Problem
Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Record Results – Data Table
Analyze Results - Graph
Draw a Conclusion
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WHAT IS “BIOLOGY”?
“study of life”
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Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Pasteur’s Experiment – finally accepted that spontaneous
generation DOES NOT occur!!!
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Examples of the application of biological knowledge
Prevention and cure of illnessProduction of medicineAgricultureSustained management of wildlife or
fisheriesPlanned population growth
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EXAMPLE:
Ulcers and Bacteria Knowledge: Infections by bacteria can lead to ulcers. Prediction: Removal of these bacteria will cure the
ulcer. Action (treatment) to cure ulcers: Antibiotics
Most ulcers are caused by bacteria, not stress.
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Carbon dioxide and Heat
Knowledge: Gases like CO2 hold heat effectively.Prediction: With higher CO2 levels the atmosphere gets warmer.Action to reduce global warming: Reduction in CO2 production.
Burning of fossil fuels is likely causing global warming.
EXAMPLE:
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What does it mean to say something is ALIVE?
Characteristics of Living Things
• Made of cells• Reproduce• Based on a universal genetic code• Grow and develop• Obtain and use materials and energy• Respond to their environment• Maintain a stable internal environment• Taken as a group, living things change over time
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Made of CellsLiving things are…
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Living things have…
The ability to reproduce
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Based on a Universal Genetic
Code: DNA
Living things are…
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Grow and Develop
Living things …
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Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM
Living things …
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Respond to the
Environment –Stimulus
Living things…
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Maintain a stable internal
environmentHOMEOSTASIS
Living things …
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Evolutionary Adaptation: Species change over time
Living things undergo…
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Examples
B. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.
E. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.F. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.
H. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.
C. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.
A. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
G. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.
D. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
Characteristic
1. Living things are made up of units called cells.
2. Living things reproduce.
7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
3. Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
6. Living things respond to their environment.
4. Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
5. Taken as a group, living things change over time.
8. Living things grow and develop.
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How are living thingsORGANIZED and STUDIED?
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Organism
Groups ofCells
Cells
Molecules
Individual livingthing
Tissues, organs,and organ systems
Smallest functionalunit of life
Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemical
compounds
Bison
Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain
Nerve cell
Water
DNA
Levels of Organization
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Cellular OrganizationCELL
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANISM
Categorize the following:
Circulatory systemHeart
HumanMuscle cell
Cardiac muscle
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CELL – MUSCLE CELLTISSUE – CARDIAC MUSCLE
ORGAN – HEARTSYSTEM – CIRCULATORY
SYSTEMORGANISM - HUMAN
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MICROSCOPESLIGHT Microscopes• Use beams of light• Magnify up to 1500X
ELECTRON Microscopes• Use beams of electrons to
magnify thousands of times• Living things cannot be viewed
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MICROSCOPE VIEWS
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LIGHT Microscopes use a series of glass lenses to bend light waves and create a magnified image
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Scanning Electron Microscopes create the magnified images by using electrons instead of
light waves
•3-D•External Images•Black and white
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Can you guess what it is? Pick one!
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The vane of a bird's feather consists of a series of barbs that connect together by
hooked barbules.Like a zipper, each barb is connected to the adjacent one, creating a solid vane.
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Can you guess what it is? Pick one!
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The tapeworm clings to its hosts intestine by the hooks and suckers on its head.
The tapeworm has no mouth;nutrients are absorbed throughout the
tapeworm’s body wall.