what is science?. what is science? science is that activity, the underlying aim of which is to...
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What is Science?
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What is science?What is science?Science is that activity, the
underlying aim of which is to further our understanding of
why things happen as they do in the natural world.
It accomplishes this goal by applications of scientific method—the process of
observing nature, isolating a facet that is not well
understood, and then proposing and testing possible
explanations.-S. Carey, 2004
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What is science?What is science?
Way of knowing
Study of natural world (process)
Involves observing, proposing explanations, testing explanations
Evidence-based
CURIOSITY! ASK WHY.
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What is science?What is science?
Know, use and interpret scientific explanations of the natural world
scientific knowledge (content)
Generate and evaluate evidence and explanations
scientific reasoning, using evidence (process)
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What is science?What is science?
Understand the nature and development of scientific knowledge
how science works (nature of science)
Participate productively in scientific practices and discourse
how to talk/think about science, how to use scientific knowledge, engage in scientific practice
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Be careful…
Sometimes we think science can do things it can’t OR does more than we think--there are
about science
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Video: Science Myths
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Common Science Myths
When exposed to the vacuum of space, the human body pops.
a human can survive for 15 – 30 seconds in outer space as long as they breathe out before the exposure
Food that drops on the floor is safe to eat if you pick it up within five seconds Um, no..but eating germs and dirt is not always a bad thing as it helps us to develop a robust immune system
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Common Science Myths
Brain cells can’t regenerate – if you kill a brain cell, it is never replaced.
In 1998, scientists at the Sweden and the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California discovered that brain cells in mature humans can regenerate. An old dog CAN learn new tricks!
A penny dropped from a very high building can kill a pedestrian belowthe aerodynamics of a penny are not sufficient to make it dangerous. What would happen in reality is that the person who gets hit would feel a sting
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The Nature of The Nature of ScienceScience
Content, process, nature
How does science lead to new knowledge?
What can science do?
What can’t it do?
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a Nature of Science quiz…a Nature of Science quiz…What do What do youyou know about science? know about science?
(Answer True or False)(Answer True or False)
1) Science is a system of beliefs.
2) Scientists are totally objective in their work
3) The scientific method is the basic, 5-step guide for conducting scientific research.
4) Doing science involves creativity.
5) Scientific ideas are tentative and can be modified or disproved, but never proved.
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1. Science is a system of beliefs
Many students, science teachers, and the general public often believe that science is a system of beliefs
Scientific ideas are established only after compelling evidence has accumulated from observations of nature.
Scientists use reasoning and imagination, study the work of other scientists, and collaborate with other professionals, always looking for evidence to support or disprove their ideas.
FALSE
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2. Scientists are totally 2. Scientists are totally objective in their work. objective in their work.
Science involves some subjectivity. Humans do sciencehumans are
subjective SO…science involves subjectivity
Personal experience and expectations influence observations
How do we "get around" this? Controlled settings Repeat tests Confirmation from other observers Large sample sizes
FALSE
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Perceptions Take out a piece of paper.
Place one of your hands in the middle of the paper.
On the RIGHT side of your hand draw a small cross.
On the LEFT side of your hand draw a dime size circle.
Hold the paper at arms length and cover your right eye.
While staring at the “cross” slowly bring the paper towards your face.
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Perceptions
Perception is not always reality.
The natural world is full of illusions, and simple common sense doesn't always work to explain such illusions.
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What do you see?What do you see?
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What do you see?What do you see?
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What do you see?What do you see?
Inference is when observations are influenced by prior knowledge and beliefs
Being able to infer is a survival mechanism, so it is positive.
Inference doesn’t make science weak, but rather forces us to be careful in our observations and interpretation of evidence
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Video: Inference vs. Observation
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What happened here?What happened here?
What do you OBSERVE?
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Now what do
you think?
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Infer what happened based on your observations.
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Observation Any information collected with the
senses.
The skill of describing scientific events.
__________Inference______________
Conclusions or deductions based on observations .
The process of drawing a conclusion from given evidence.
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What happened here?What happened here?
Be sure to distinguish observation and inference.
Prior knowledge affects observation! Not all evidence leads to one answer.
Not all scientific knowledge is gained through controlled experiments. (Paleontology for instance)
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3. The 3. The scientific method scientific method is the is the basic, 5-step guide for basic, 5-step guide for
conducting scientific research.conducting scientific research. There is no universal scientific
method.
There are methods, but not a single pathway
Observations (before, during, after) Proposing explanations based on
observation Testing explanations or predictions
FALSE
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Observations
Definition
Using senses to gather
information
Observations lead to
questions
How does sand How does sand grain size affect grain size affect the size and the size and abundance of abundance of crabs?crabs?
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Two types of Observations
Qualitative:
Uses senses to describe
Ex: color and consistency of sand, minerals present etc.
Quantitative:
Uses tools to take a numerical measurement
Ex: actual size of grains, actual size and number of crabs at various sites.
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Hypothesis
Predicts the answer to a
question
Hypothesis are based on:
Past experience
Observations
Research
It must be testable
Written as “If…..then” statements.
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Experiment: Procedure to test your prediction.
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Experiments
Variables: Factor in the experiment that is tested.
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Scientific Experiments Scientific Experiments Follow RulesFollow Rules
An experimenter changes one factor and observes or measures what happens.
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Other Variables
The factor that is being changed is known as the independent variable.
The factor that is measured or observed is called the dependent variable.
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The Control VariableThe Control Variable
The experimenter makes a The experimenter makes a special effort to keep other special effort to keep other factorsfactors constant constant so that so that they will not effect the they will not effect the outcome.outcome.
Those factors are called Those factors are called control variablescontrol variables..
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What is the Purpose of What is the Purpose of a Control?a Control?
Controls are NOT being tested
Controls are used for COMPARISON
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Remember: To be a Remember: To be a Valid Experiment:Valid Experiment:
Two groups are required --- the control & experimental groups
There should be only one independent variable
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DataData Results of
the experiment
May be quantitative (numbers) or qualitative
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DataData Must be
organized
Can be organized into charts, tables, or graphs
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ConclusionConclusion
The answer to the hypothesis based on the data obtained from the experiment
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ConclusionConclusion
My conclusion [supports/does not support] my hypothesis because ____________________.
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RetestRetest
In order to verify the results,
experiments must be retested.