what is simplified in this picture? thethompson: discovery of the electronthe electron (thomson)...
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What is simplified in this picture?
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TheThompson: Discovery of the Electronthe Electron (Thomson)
• Cathode Ray Tube
• Charged particles produced (affected by magnetic field)
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• Concluded that atom must have positive and negative parts
• Electron – negative part of the atom
• Only knew the e/m ratio
• Plum Pudding Model
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Charge and Mass of the Electron (Millikan)
• Oil drop experiment
• Determines charge on electron (uses electric field to counteract gravity)
• Quantized
• e = 1.602 X 10-19 C
• m = 9.11 X 10-31 kg
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The Nucleus (Rutherford)
• Gold Foil Experiment
• Discovers nucleus (disproves Plum Pudding Model)
• Planetary Model
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Three particlesParticle Charge Mass
Proton +1 ~1 g/mol
Electron -1 0.00055 g/mol
(1/1837)
Neutron 0 ~1 g/mol
Atoms:Basic Facts
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Photo of a single Barium atom
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1. Size – Measured in Angstroms
1 A = 1 X 10-10 m
1 Cl atom = 2.0 A
5 million Cl atoms can be lined up in 1 mm.
Atoms:Basic Facts
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1. Mass – grams/mole
H = 1.00794 grams/1 mole
1.00794 g/6.022 X 1023 atoms
C = 12 g/mol
Atoms:Basic Facts
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1. Isotopes – Atoms with the same # of protons, but different # of neutrons
Copper-63 29 p 34 n
Copper-65 29 p 36 n
2. Atomic Mass –weighted average of all the isotopes
Isotopes
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p n E
13C90Sr
24Mg
16 16
16 18
16 16 18
12 12 10
17 19 18
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1. Cation – Positive Ion
2. Anion – Negative Ion
3. Review Common Charges
Ions
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P N E
Cl-
O2-
Mg+
Mg2+
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Stable vs. Unstable Nuclei
1. Most nuclei are stable – do not change
2. Some nuclei are unstable (radioactive)• Change into a different nucleus (decay)• Spontaneous process – happens naturally, by itself• Releases radiation
Only nuclear reactions can change a nucleus.
No chemical process can
Nuclear Changes
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Radium Radon + Radiation
Decay
-New element and alpha, beta, or gamma
-lost mass becomes kinetic energy
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Types of Nuclear RadiationAlpha particle
(42He)
Helium nucleus
Beta particle
(0-1e)
fast-moving electron.
Gamma rays
high energy electromagnetic radiation
Positron
(0+1e)
positive electron (anti-matter)
2 p+
2 n
e-
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What Stops Radiation
Paper Al Foil
Wood
Lead.
Iron,
Concrete
Alpha ()
Beta ()
Gamma ()
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Decay Equations
Alpha Decay238
92U 42He + 234
90Th
Beta Decay 234
90Th 0-1e + 234
91Pa
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Decay Equations
Gamma Decay
Occurs with alpha and beta decay
No change in atomic mass (gamma radiation has no mass 0
0)
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Decay: Ex 1
What product is formed when radium-226 undergoes alpha decay?
22688Ra 4
2He +
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Decay: Ex 2
What element undergoes alpha decay to form lead-208?
42He + 208
82Pb
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Decay: Ex 3
What isotope is produced when thorium-231 beta decays?
23190Th 0
-1e +
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Write the equation that describes oxygen-15 undergoing positron emission.
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Which nuclei are radioactive (unstable)1. All elements have at least one radioactive
isotope
2. All isotopes of elements heavier than Lead (82)
82
Pb
207.2At least one radioactive isotope
All isotopes are radioactive
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Transmutation
• Rutherford(1919) – First successful alchemist14
7N + 42He 17
8O + 11H
• Modern methods– Particle Accelerators (Cyclotrons)– Use neutrons or other elements (creation of
transuranium elements)
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1. Dmitri Mendeleev – 1869
2. Used atomic mass (modern is by atomic #)
3. Period – Across
4. Group – Down
5. Metals
Non-Metals
Metalloids - Semiconductors
Periodic Table
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Group 1 Alkali metalsGroup 2 Alkaline earth metalsTransition MetalsGroup 7 HalogensGroup 8 Noble GasesLanthanidesActinides
Discuss placement of Lanth/Act
Periodic Table
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Average Atomic Mass
1. Atomic Mass – Weighted Average of all the isotopes
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Calculate the ave atomic mass of Boron if it exists as 19.90% Boron-10 (10.013 g/mol) and 80.10% B-11 (11.009 g/mol)?
(Ans: 10.811 g/mol)
Average Atomic Mass
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Ionic = Metal + Non-metal (NaCl)
Molecular = Non + Non (CH4)Alloy = Metal + Metal
•Stainless steel (Fe/Cr)•Brass (Cu/Zn)•Bronze (Cu/Sn)
Mixing Elements
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Ionic vs. Molecular
Ionic Compounds Molecules
Start w/ MetalStealing of ElectronsClumps of Ions(crystals)Called Salts
No prefixes, may need Roman #
Two Non-metalsSharing of electronsSeparate MoleculesShapes (tetrahedral, etc…)Polar and Non-Polar Molecules (H2O vs CH4)
Prefixes
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Ionic Solids
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Ionic or molecular?
HCl
CO2
VO3
H2O
BaF2
Ionic vs. Molecular
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What ionic compound would form between:
Ba and Cl
Ba and Te
Al and S
Fe3+ and O
Fe2+ and O
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H He
Al
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Naming IonicsI. Binary CompoundsGr I and Gr II metals (and Aluminum)NaClBaO
Al2O3
magnesium bromidealuminum sulfidepotassium oxide
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I. Compounds with Polyatomics
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
Aluminum Sulfate
NaNO3
Ca(OH)2
(NH4)3PO4
Naming Ionics
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Mixed Examples
Magnesium Sulfide
Magnesium Sulfite
Magnesium Sulfate
Lithium Phosphide
Lithium Phosphate
Ba(ClO3)2
BaCl2
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Roman # Ionics
1. ExampleFe(II)and oxygenFe(III) and oxygenHow do we distinguish?
2. Metals which have multiple oxidation statesTransition and post-transition metals
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Iron (III)Bromide
Tin(II) nitrate
Cobalt(III)Oxide
CoCl2
MnO2
Ru2(SO4)3
VO3
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Mixed ExamplesCalcium BromideChromium (III)NitrateAluminum SulfateIron(III)Carbonate
Li2S
CoCl2
Ti3N2
Mg(NO2)2
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Magnesium Sulfide
Magnesium Sulfite
Magnesium Sulfate
Mn2(SO4)3
Lithium Phosphide
Lithium Phosphate
Ba(ClO3)2
Copper(II)nitrate
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Household Ionics
Many ionic compounds are called salts
CaCl2 – Calcium Chloride (Quik-Joe)
NaHCO3 – Sodium bicarbonate(Baking soda)
CaCO3 – Calcium Carbonate(Chalk, antacid)
NaOH - Sodium Hydroxide (Drano)
MgSO4 – Magnesium Sulfate(Epsom Salts)
All big clumps (crystals) of Ions
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Naming Molecules
Prefixes
mono hexa
di hepta
tri octa
tetra nona
penta deca
May skip “mono” for first element
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CO
CO2
Cl2O7
SF6
Chlorine dioxide
Diphosphorus tetroxide
Carbon tetrachloride
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Naming Molecules
Household Molecules
H2O
HCl
NH3
H2SO4
HC2H3O2
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Review of all naming
CS2 N2O
NaI PCl5
FeF2 HgI2
K2CO3 NO3
Ba(OH)2
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Calcium Chloride
Silicon Dioxide
Copper(II)Carbonate
Magnesium Phosphate
Dicarbon Octahydride
Chromium(III)Oxide
Dihydrogen Monoxide
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Acids
1. Binary Acids
HCl hydrochloric acid
HF hydrofluoric acid
H2S hydrosulfuric acid
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Acids
2. Oxoacids
Acid Ion
HClO4 perchloric acid perchlorate (ClO4-)
HClO3 chloric acid chlorate (ClO3-)
HClO2 chlorous acid chlorite (ClO2-)
HClO hypochlorous acid hypochlorite (ClO- )
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Examples
HCN
HNO3
H2SO4
H2SO3
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Examples
HNO2
HI
H3PO4
H3CO3
HClO3
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H2 Hydrogen (H- Hydride)
N2 Nitrogen(N3- Nitride)
O2 Oxygen (O2- Oxide)
F2 Fluorine (F- Fluoride)
Cl2 Chlorine (Cl- Chloride)
Br2 Bromine (Br- Bromide)
I2 Iodine (I- Iodide)
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1)Xe-130 has one more neutron
50)
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1)Molecular PF5, SCl, N2O4
Ionic NaI Ca(NO3)2, FeCl3, LaP, CoCO3
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32. 85.47 g/mol56.a) CuBr2 b) Fe2O3 c) Hg2CO3
d) Ca3(AsO4)2 e) (NH4)2CO3
58. Na2O CaO FeO Al2O3
NaNO3 Ca(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Al(NO3)3
Na2SO4 CaSO4 FeSO4 Al2(SO4)3
Na3AsO4 Ca3(AsO4)2 Fe3(AsO4)2 AlAsO4
64.a) Cu2+ b) Ag+ c) Al3+ d) Co2+
e) Pb2+
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1. 85.47 g/mol
2. Cu2+ S2-
Ag+ SO42-
Al3+ ClO3-
Co2+ OH-
Pb2+ CO32-
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