what is the difference between phylogeny, cladistics, and taxonomy? taxonomy is the biological...
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What is the difference between Phylogeny, Cladistics, and Taxonomy?
Taxonomy is the biological science that deals with arranging and naming groups and organisms. Early system based on morphological
similarities and differences. Today mostly based on known phylogenetic relationships and similarities in DNA
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Phylogeny refers to the development of a group, particularly through evolutionary lines.
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Cladistics is a study in which groups (species, etc) are arranged on a phylogenetic tree according to the TIME at which they arose from other groups. For example, on a cladistic-type diagram, and earlier-evolving species would form a lower branch on the tree than one that evolved later.
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Taxonomy
Science of Classification
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Classification
The process of putting similar things into groups.
Taxonomy – The science of classifying organisms
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History of Classification:
4000 BC – AristotleCreates first written classification scheme
Two Groups: Animal Group – anything that lived on land, in the
water, or in the air Plant Group – based this on their different stems
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History of Classification:
1500’s-1700’s: Many different systems, most of which were
extremely complicated Names were based on common names
(confusion) Names also based on long scientific definitions
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What is this animal?
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Puma, Cougar, Mountain Lion, etc.
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History of Classification:
1700’s – Carolus Linnaeus Establishes system for classifying and naming
organisms Based on the structural similarities of the
organisms Binomial Nomenclature – 2 Name naming
system Created groups called Taxa or Taxon Each Taxon is a category into which related
organisms are placed Approximately 2.5 million kinds of organisms identified
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Modern Day Levels of ClassifcationKINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
KING PHILLIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SPAGHETTI
KIDS PLAYING CATCH ON FREEWAY GET SMASHED
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Modern Day Levels of Classification
Man Box Elder Tree
Bobcat Canadian Lynx
Kingdom Animalia Plantea Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Anthophyta Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalian Dicotyledonae Mammalia Mammlia
Order Primates Sapindales Carnivora Carnivora
Family Hominidae Aceracae Felidae Felidae
Genus Homo Acer Lynx Lynx
Species sapiens nugundo rufus camadensis
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Modern Taxonomy:
Evidence used to classify into taxon groups Embryology Chromosomes / DNA Biochemistry Physiology Evolution Behavior
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Binomial Nomenclature
A system of scientific naming using two names for every organism
Use the genus and the species nameFor Example:
Human Scientific Name Genus species Homo sapiens
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Felis concolor
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Rules for Binomial Nomenclature:
Name is in Greek or Latin First word is the genus Second word is the species Words are italicized or underlined First word capitalized Second word lower case
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5 Kingdom System
Kingdom MoneraKingdom ProtistaKingdom FungiKingdom PlantaeKingdom Animalia
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Kingdom Monera
Prokaryotes (no nuclei)Heterotrophic (have to
ingest food) and Autotrophic (can make own food)
Anaerobic and AerobicAquatic, terrestrial, and in
airMostly asexualMostly non-motileExamples: Bacteria,
eubacteria, archebacteria
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Kingdom Protista
Eukaryotes (have nuclei)
Heterotropic and autotrophic
UnicellularMostly aquaticMostly asexualMotile and non-motileExamples: protozoa,
slime molds, algae
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Kingdom Fungi
EukaryotesHeterotrophicMostly terrestrialAsexual and sexualNon-motileExample:
Mushrooms, bread molds, yeasts
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Kingdom Plantae
EukaryoticMulticellularAutotrophicMostly terrestrialAsexual and sexualNon-motileExample: mosses,
ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
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Kingdom Animalia
EukaryotesMulticellularHeterotrophicTerrestrial and aquaticSexual (a few asexual)Motile (a few non-motile)Examples: sponges,
jellyfish, fish, mammals, arthropods, reptiles, birds