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Pelagic

Abyssal

Intertidal

Benthic

Four Zones

of

Interest

Intertidal

Pelagic

Abyssal Benthic

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Ocean Zones

• Intertidal Zone

• Neritic Zone

• Oceanic Zone

• Benthic Zone

Sunlight

Intertidal

Zone

Neritic

Zone Oceanic Zone

Continental

Shelf

Benthic Zone

Intertidal Zone • Wilayah antara

pasang tertinggi dan pasang terendah

• Organisme akan beradaptasi dengan perubahan lingkungan

Intertidal

Zone

Continental

Shelf

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Intertidal Zone

• Highest tide line to lowest tide line

• Severe conditions

– Waves

– Wind

– Sun

– Rain

– Desiccation

– Flood

– Predators

Intertidal Zone

• Located at the edge of the ocean, between the highest high-tide line and the lowest low-tide line.

• It may be rocky, sandy, marshy, or muddy.

• During periods of low tide, it is possible to explore the ocean floor in the intertidal zone.

• Most thoroughly studied, and best-known, ocean area.

Habitats within the Intertidal Areas

• Even within the intertidal areas, the cycle of exposure to air varies markedly—so much that four different habitat bands have been identified: 1) the spray zone, 2) the high-tide zone, 3) the mid-tide zone, 4) the low-tide zone

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The Spray Zone

• Also known as the splash zone

• Rarely covered completely by water (only during the highest high tides)

• Organisms living here need the salty spray of ocean water but would not thrive if submerged.

The High-Tide Zone

• Exposed most of the time and under water only during high tides.

The Mid-Tide Zone

• Regularly covered and uncovered by the tide twice each day

• This area is under water about half the time.

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The Low-Tide Zone

• Submerged for all but a few hours each month, during the lowest low tides.

Intertidal Zones

How the Animals Adapt? • One way the animals are adapted to the pounding

breakers, hot sun, rain, snow, and even ice of the tidal area is by having a hard exterior.

• The shells that we see on the beach are the discarded homes of once-living mollusks, a word that means “soft-bodied.”

• These shells, which the animals make from calcium carbonate in seawater, are the external skeletons, or exoskeletons, of the animals.

• Without their shells, the animals would never survive in the intertidal zone.

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Intertidal Zone Creatures

High Tide

Low Tide

Mollusks

• •

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Neritic Zone • Wilayah diatas

paparan benua

• Wilayah dengan kepadatan dan keanekaragaman kehidupan laut terbesar

Neritic

Zone

Continental

Shelf

What is the Neritic Zone?

• Zona Neritik adalah bagian dari lautan yang meluas dari pasang terendah sampai tepi paparan benua

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The Neritic Zone

• The neritic zone is home to the largest variety of organisms found in the ocean.

• Most of the world’s major fishing grounds are located in the neritic zone.

The Neritic Zone

• Why is the neritic zone home to so many living things?

– Shallow water receives lots of sunlight.

– Steady supply of nutrients from the land.

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The Neritic Zone

• The light and nutrients allow giant algae (kelp) to grow.

• The algae serve as a food source and shelter for other organisms.

The Neritic Zone

• The neritic zone has two habitats:

1. Kelp forests

2. Coral reefs

Neritic Zone: Kelp Forest

• Kelp is a large, heavy algae.

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Neritic Zone: Kelp Forest

• The kelp use sunlight and dissolved gases in the neritic zone to produce their own food.

• Large collections of growing kelp is called a kelp forest.

• Kelp forests grow along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Mexico.

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Neritic Zone: Coral Reefs

• Coral reefs are made of lots of tiny coral animals, not much larger than the size of a pencil eraser.

Neritic Zone: Coral Reefs

• Coral animals produce a hard structure that surrounds their soft bodies.

• After the coral animal dies, the empty structure remains.

• New coral animals attach and grow on top of it.

Neritic Zone: Coral Reefs

• Most of the coral reefs that exist today were begun about 5,000 to 10,000 years ago.

• Coral animals feed on algae that live with the reef.

• Coral reefs only grow in tropical, shallow waters.

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Neritic Zone: Coral Reef

• In areas where the seafloor is sinking, a reef may develop over time into an atoll.

• An atoll is a ring-shaped reef surrounding a shallow lagoon.

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Neritic Zone: Coral Reefs

• Coral reefs protect the coastline from violent storms and erosion.

Neritic Zone: Coral Reefs

• Coral reefs can be damaged:

– Touching the coral

–Breaking pieces off

–Changes in water temperature

–Changes in clarity

• Can be a major problem as reefs only grow a few centimeters a year.

Oceanic Zone

• Dari patahan benua ke laut terbuka

Oceanic

Zone

Continental

Shelf

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Benthic Zone

• Dasar lautan dibawah perairan

Benthic Zone

Ocean Zones (surface to ocean floor)

Epipelagic Zone – Photic Zone or Sunlight Zone

Mesopelagic Zone – Disphotic Zone or Twilight Zone

Bathypelagic Zone – Aphotic zone or Midnight Zone

Abyssopelagic Zone – Aphotic Zone or Midnight Zone

Hadopelagic Zone – Aphotic Zone or Midnight Zone

What is the Open-Ocean Zone?

• The open-ocean zone is beyond the continental shelf.

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The Open-Ocean Zone

• Light from the sun only penetrates to a depth of less than 200 meters.

• Differs from the neritic zone: – small portion receives sunlight

– Fewer dissolved nutrients

• Supports fewer organisms

The Open-Ocean Zone

• The open-ocean zone is divided into parts:

1. The surface zone

2. The deep zone

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Conditions in the Open Ocean

• Light only at top

• Fewer nutrients

• Fewer organisms known

• Five zones – Epipelagic Zone (Sunlight Zone)

– Mesopelagic Zone (Twilight Zone)

– Bathypelagic Zone (Midnight Zone)

– Abyssopelagic Zone (Deep Ocean)

– Hadalpelagic Zone (The Trenches)

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Epipelagic Zone

Mesopelagic Zone

Bathypelagic Zone

Abyssopelagic Zone

Hadopelagic Zone

0

200

1000

4000

6000

11,000

Epipelagic Zone • Daerah mendapat

cahaya

• Cukup sinar matahari untuk fotosintesis

• Daerah produksi utama

• Sampai kedalaman 200 m

Sunlight Zone

Photic Zone

Epipelagic Zone 0m

200m

Epipelagic Zone

• The surface layer of the ocean is known as the epipelagic zone and extends from the surface to 200 meters (656 feet). It is also known as the Sunlight Zone because this is where most of the visible light exists.

• With the light comes heat. This heat is responsible for the wide range of temperatures that occur in this zone.

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Sunlight Zone Creatures

Mesopelagic Zone • Kurang cahaya

• Tidak cukup untuk fotosintesis

• 200 – 1000m

Mesopelagic Zone 200m

1,000m

Mesopelagic Zone

• The Twilight Zone extends from 200 meters (656 feet) to 1000 meters (3281 feet).

• The light that penetrates to this depth is extremely faint. It is in this zone that we begin to see the twinkling lights of bioluminescent creatures.

• A great diversity of strange and bizarre fishes can be found here. Many are soft and gelatinous, from transparent squid, octopuses and jellyfish to large colonial animals called siphonophores.

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Creatures of the Twilight Zone

Midnight Zones • Tanpa cahaya

• 1000-11000 m

• Kepadatan dan keanekaragaman rendah

Midnight Zone

1,000m

11,000m

Bathypelagic Zone

• Tanpa cahaya

• 1000-4000.

• Kepadatan dan keaneka ragaman rendah Bathypelagic Zone

1,000m

4,000m

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Bathypelagic Zone

• The Midnight Zone extends from 1000 meters (3281 feet) down to 4000 meters (13,124 feet).

• Here the only visible light is that produced by the creatures themselves.

• The water pressure at this depth is immense, reaching 5,850 pounds per square inch. In spite of the pressure, a surprisingly large number of creatures can be found here.

• Sperm whales can dive down to this level in search of food. Most of the animals that live at these depths are black or red in color due to the lack of light.

Sperm Whale

• Sperm whales, found in most oceans, get their name from the oily fat—called spermaceti—contained in their large heads.

• Diving deep in search of squid, sperm whales may remain submerged for as long as an hour.

Abyssopelagic Zone

• Tanpa cahaya

• 4000-6000m

• Kepadatan dan keanekaragaman rendah Abyssopelagic Zone

4,000m

6,000m

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The Abyss

Increasing Cold Increasing Pressure

A very hostile environment

Abyssopelagic Zone

• The Abyss extends from 4000 meters (13,124 feet) to 6000 meters (19,686 feet). The name comes from a Greek word meaning "no bottom".

• The water temperature is near freezing, and there is no light at all.

• Very few creatures can be found at these crushing depths. Most of these are invertebrates such as basket stars and tiny squids. Three-quarters of the ocean floor lies within this zone.

Tiny Squid Basket Star

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Hadopelagic Zone • Tanpa cahaya

• 6000-11000 m

• Kepadatan dan keaneka ragaman rendah

Hadopelagic Zone

6,000m

11,000m

Hadalpelagic Zone

• This layer extends from 6000 meters (19,686 feet) to the bottom of the deepest parts of the ocean in The Trenches.

• The temperature of the water is just above freezing, and the pressure is an incredible eight tons per square inch. That is approximately the weight of 48 Boeing 747 jets. Invertebrates such as starfish and tube worms can thrive at these depths.

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Hadalpelagic Zone

• These areas are mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons. The deepest point in the ocean is located in the Mariana Trench off the coast of Japan at 35,797 feet (10,911 meters).