what kind of plants do we see in a climax community? agenda for tuesday jan 27 th 1.population notes
TRANSCRIPT
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What kind of plants do we see in a climax community?
Agenda for Tuesday Jan 27th 1.Population Notes
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• Why study populations?– Learn how organisms change over time, problems in
an environment, and relationships between organisms
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Population Growth Rate
• Must know birthrate and mortality• Emigration – moving out of a pop.• Immigration – moving into a pop.
– Immigration rate = emigration rate
• Calculating growth rate=(population at end – population at beginning)
Population at beginning
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Exponential Growth Rate
• Occurs when organisms have ideal conditions
• More individuals = faster growth
• Rarely happens– WHY?– Limiting factors
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Logistical Growth Rate• Populations go through
different growth phases– Lag Phase – slow growth– Exponential growth – rapid
growth, few die, many reproduce
– Population growth slows down
– Steady state – population levels, birth rate = death rate
Lag
Exponential
Slows
Steady state
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Questions
• The human population is currently growing at an exponential rate. What does this mean about our birth and death rates?
• The Mantled Howler Monkey is currently considered an endangered species. What does this mean about its birth and death rates?
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Carrying Capacity• Maximum number of individuals that an
environment can support– Measured in winter
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Limiting Factors…• Anything that prevents the number,
reproduction, distribution, growth of an organism– Abiotic– Biotic
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• Tolerance – ability of an organism to survive when subjected to limiting factors– Upper and lower limit = range
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Population Ranges
• Species are limited to where they may exist• Abiotic conditions
Temperature HumidityRainfall Sunlight
• Biotic conditionsPredatorsCompetitorsparasites
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Density independent factors
• affects the size of a population regardless of the population density– Abiotic
• Weather, Water, Fire, Sunlight, temperature• Humans – dams, pollution
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Density Dependent Factors• A factor whose effects on the size or growth of
population vary with the population density – Biotic factors
• Predation, disease/parasites, competition• Food, water, shelter (resources)
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Disease/Parasites• Outbreaks of disease tend to occur when
population size has increased– Disease is transmitted faster– True for humans as well as animals
• Parasites increase at higher densities
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Questions
Imagine a population of skunks. Imagine that the skunks are reproducing at a very high rate, and the skunk population is growing rapidly.
a) List a possible density-independent factor that could stop the skunk population’s growth.
b) List a possible density-dependent factor that would limit the skunk population’s growth.
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Population Density
• # of organisms per area
• Dispersion – pattern of spacing of populations– 3 types
• Uniform• Clumped• Random
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Dispersion Pattern: Uniform
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Dispersion Pattern: Clumped
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Dispersion Pattern: Random
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Reproductive strategies
R-strategy (rate strategists)• Produce as many offspring as possible in a short
time– Little energy in raising young
K-strategists (carrying capacity strategy)• Few offspring that have a better chance of living
– Expend a lot of energy raising young
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Compare and contrast r and k reproductive strategies
Agenda for Wednesday Jan 28th 1. Invasive species project
Quiz tomorrow
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What is a density independent factor? A density dependent factor?
Agenda for Thursday Jan 29th 1.Go over HW2.Quiz3.Human populations
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Human Population Growth
• It took all of human history up to the early 1800s for world population to reach 1 billion people
• until 1960 to reach 3 billion• Today, the world gains 1 billion people every 11 years• The current population is almost 8.5 times larger than
the population of 760 million at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
• At current growth rates, the world population could double in as little as 58 years
http://www.census.gov/popclock/
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Human Population Growth
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What’s Behind Population Growth
• Three Factors – Fertility– Infant Mortality– Longevity
• Animal Domestication and Agriculture– Provided for a few to feed
many
• Industrial Revolution– Growth of Cities and
Infrastructure• Water• Energy• Transportation
– Increased Productivity– Nutrition– Sanitation– Medicine
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Resource Consumption (6)
• High consumption
• Getting worse• Rate increase
faster than population growth
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Human Carrying Capacity
•Technology has allowed us to raise Earth’s carrying capacity for our species time and again.
•Tool-making, agriculture, and industrialization each enabled humans to sustain greater populations.
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Our ‘Commons’ are in Danger
• Atmospheric pollution and climate change• Water pollution, including ground aquifers• Deforestation and loss of oxygenation • The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty• National parks, wildernesses and wetlands• Nonrenewable natural resource depletion
– Fossil fuels, mineral ores, topsoil…..
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Biodiversity is in Danger
• Humanity has spawned a species extinction to rival the 5 great extinctions of 65 - 440 million years ago
• Recovery times from the great extinctions took 10’s of millions of years
• Biodiversity is essential to life on Earth and holds untold treasures for the future
• An ecological ethic is emerging
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Human Population Growth
• Zero population growth – birth rate + immigration rate = death rate +
emigration rate
• Age structure– # of males and females in three age groups
• Pre-reproductive (0-19), reproductive (20-44), and post –reproductive (45-80+)
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Why do some countries have a growing population while other countries have a declining population?
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Concept Web
• Social, economic, envt• Positive, neutral, neg impacts on more people
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What event in human history helped spark our population
growth?
Agenda for Friday jan 31st 1.Quiz2.Present
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What concerns are there about the increase in human population?
Agenda for Monday Feb 3rd 1.Present2.Biomes