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Page 1: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

What makes invasive species so successful?

Page 2: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Definitions

• Non-native: Alien, outside its native range – Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous

– Not normally part of ecosystem

– Established, self-sustaining population

• ‘10% rule’ ~10% survive

~10% of these become invasive

• Human activities involved

• What is an invasive species? –one that is aggressive and threatens local biodiversity.

Page 3: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Common Characteristics of Successful Invasives

• Few natural enemies

– Predators

– Competitors

– Parasites and diseases

• High reproductive rate

• Long lived

• Good dispersal

• Generalists

• Pioneer species

Page 4: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Why worry about invasive species?

• Tend to crowd out /replace native species

• Can severely damage ecosystem health

• Harm human activities (agriculture, forestry, fisheries, recreation)

– $137 billion/ year in damages and pest control costs (Pimentel, 2000)

$37 million loss to mid-Atlantic apple production in 2010 alone

USDA

Page 5: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

There are more than 100 invasive species in the Hudson River, including many of our most familiar plants and animals

Carp Seed from water chestnut plant

Zebra mussels

Page 6: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Extent of zebra mussels in the US

Page 7: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Larvae (Veliger) 500,000 / m3

Growth

Up to 700,000 /m2

Filter Feeding: 1 liter water /day

Settling: 10,000 /m3 /day

40,000- 1,000,000 eggs /year

95% die 200,000,000 sperm

Filter feeders (plankton)

Eaten by some fish, ducks, crayfish &crabs

Life history

Warm water, external fertilization

Settle on hard surfaces

USG

S

Mature at 1 year

Live 6 - 7 years

Page 8: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Native pearly mussels

Invasive zebra mussels

Cary IES

Cary IES

Page 9: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

What do you think happened to the native pearly mussel population when the zebra mussels invaded?

Page 10: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Pearly Mussels Lure Fish then release their larvae (glochidia) which attach to the gills of the fish!

© USGS

Page 11: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Illinois State Museum

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YTBj0WHkU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0YTBj0WHkU
Page 12: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Submersedplants+38%

Transparency+45%

Soluble P+125%

Dissolvedoxygen-12%

Pelagicbacteria+45%

Phyto-plankton-80%

Zooplankton-71%

Pelagicfish

-28%

Nativebivalves-72%

Deepwaterzoobenthos

-40%

Zebramussels

Early Invasion Years, 1993-2004

Page 13: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Littoral fish+97%

Submersedplants+38%

Littoralzoobenthos

+20%

Transparency+45%

Soluble P+125%

Dissolvedoxygen-12%

Pelagicbacteria+45%

Phyto-plankton-80%

Zooplankton-71%

Pelagicfish

-28%

Nativebivalves-72%

Deepwaterzoobenthos

-40%

Food web in the shallowsFood web in the open water

Zebramussels

Early Invasion Years, 1993-2004

Page 14: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Littoral fish+97%

Submersedplants+38%

Littoralzoobenthos

+20%

Transparency+45%

Soluble P+125%

Dissolvedoxygen-12%

Pelagicbacteria+45%

Phyto-plankton-80%

Zooplankton-71%

Pelagicfish

-28%

Nativebivalves-72%

Deepwaterzoobenthos

-40%

Food web in the shallowsFood web in the open water

Zebramussels

Early Invasion Years, 1993-2004

View: Results

http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/riverecology/watch.html
Page 15: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Ecological Effects

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n

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

INCREASE

DECREASE

Page 16: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Zebra Mussels Small

Medium

Large

Zebra Mussel Population Dynamics: Size Classes

•Scientists noticed a change in the numbers of different size classes beginning about 2005.

•What do you notice?

•Think about the food web: What do zebra mussels eat?

•Do different size classes eat different organisms?

Page 17: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

What does the population look like now?

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

ze

bra

mu

ss

els

, (#

/m2

)

Year

Zebra Mussel, number per square meter

Page 18: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

How much water do they filter?

Zebra mussels filter all the water in the

Hudson River basin every 1-4

days.

Page 19: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

Littoral fish+97%

Submersedplants+38%

Littoralzoobenthos

+20%

Transparency+45%

Soluble P+125%

Dissolvedoxygen-12%

Pelagicbacteria+45%

Phyto-plankton-80%

Zooplankton-71%

Pelagicfish

-28%

Nativebivalves-72%

Deepwaterzoobenthos

-40%

Food web in the shallowsFood web in the open water

Zebramussels

increasing

Still low

stable

Later Invasion Years, 2005-2009

Page 20: What makes invasive species so successful? · species so successful? Definitions •Non-native: Alien, outside its native range –Exotic, introduced, weedy, non-indigenous –Not

What was eating the large zebra mussels?

Blue crabs and

pumpkin seed fish


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