what makes us age? life cycle ii. john turner age 67 age 77
TRANSCRIPT
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WHAT MAKES US AGE?WHAT MAKES US AGE?
Life Cycle IILife Cycle II
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JOHN TURNERJOHN TURNER
AGE 67AGE 67 AGE 77AGE 77
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AGE 90AGE 90AGE 80AGE 80
ELEANOR HYNDMAN
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WHY DO WE AGE?
• IS IT GENETICS?
• ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE?
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THE BIG QUESTION
DEVELOPMENTAL—
GENETIC THEORIES• Genetic makeup
determines factors directly affecting aging
• Programmed & directed in the body
• Aging is Predetermined
ENVIRONMENTAL—
NON- GENETIC THEORIES• Due to random events that
occur over time• Aging caused by
environmental damage• Controlled extrinsically
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Theories of Aging
• Finite Lifespan
• Immune System Failure
• Hormonal
• Energy/Caloric Restriction
• Error Theory
• Redundant DNA
• Transcription
• Cross-Linking
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Finite Limit Theory
• Hayflick & Moorehead (1961)• Landmark Study--Cells Have Time-clock• Cells Have Limited Life Span
– Apoptosis=Programmed cell death• Cells Proliferated and Divided• Alterations & Degeneration• Cessation of Growth & Division
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Neuroendocrine & Hormonal Theory
• Denckla (1974) Endocrinologist Gerontologist
• Aging Mediated in Brain• Functional Decrements in
neurons and associated hormones dictates aging rates
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Immunological Theory
• Walford (1969, 1979)• Reduced T-cell function with age
– Decline in Immune System Function• Immune System unable to distinguish between self &
non-self– Age associated increase in autoimmune disorders– Lupus, Scleroderma
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Free Radical Theory
• Accumulates Over Time from Oxygen Metabolism– Charged Ion with unpaired
electron– Damages membrane
proteins, mitochondria, etc.– Decreased cellular integrity
• Free radicals associated with atherosclerosis, cancer
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Metabolism, Free Radicals, & Life Span
• Metabolic Rate Directly Related to Free Radical Production
• Inverse Relationship Between Metabolic Rate & Life Span
• Hypothesis--Lower metabolic rate, lower free radical production, increase life span
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Caloric Restriction Theory
• Walford (1987)--”Dr In Vivo”
• Restriction of Caloric Intake
• High quality nutrient/low calorie diet increases longevity– Supplements with vitamins/minerals/moderate
exercise
• Gradually lose weight until maximal metabolic efficiency, retards aging
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Error Theory
• Orgel (1963)• “Any accident or error in either the
machinery or the process of making proteins would cascade into multiple effects”
• DNA--RNA--protein synthesis• Accumulation of errors over time• “Error Crisis” result in impaired cell
function
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Redundant DNA
• Medvedev (1972)
• Combination of Finite Limit & Error
• Ability to repair errors to genetic material decreases with age
• Errors in Cellular DNA
• Reserve DNA (error free) utilized
• Cell death when reserve DNA gone
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Cross-Linking Theory
• Bjorksten (1942)• Proposed Chemical
reaction of Cross Linking of Macromolecules related to aging– Occurred during sun
tanning--lose elasticity– Loss of Tissue Elasticity
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“Number of hypotheses is generally inversely proportional to the clarity of the problem.”
--Frolkis
WHY SO MANY THEORIES?
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• Biologic Gerontology New Field
• Can One Single Theory Explain All Aging Processes?
IS THERE A RIGHT ANSWER?