What treatment?

• Neutralization and partial desalination - essential for protection of the environment and human health and,

• Complete desalination - drinking water needed during the next four years

Limestone handling and dosing system

Full-scale neutralization plants

• Iluka Resources, Hamilton

• Namakwa Sands, Lutzville

Fe(II)-removal with sequence batch operation

Parameter Only limeLimestone/lime

Western BasinFlow (Ml/d) 33 33Chemical cost (R/m3) 3.02 1.02 Chemical cost (R/a) 36 300 000 12 300 000 Central BasinFlow (Ml/d) 56 56Chemical cost (R/m3) 3.19 1.07 Chemical cost (R/a) 65 200 000 21 900 000 TotalFlow (Ml/d) 89 89Chemical cost (R/m3)Chemical cost (R/m3) 3.12 1.05 Chemical cost (R/a) 101 500 000 34 200 000

Treatment at Grootvlei water (108 Ml/d)

Grootvlei Mine where contains 100 mg/l iron(II) and 350 mg/l alkalinity. Currently this water is treated at a cost of R3.7 million/month, using lime and oxygen. 100mg/l need to be oxidised in a more cost-effective way.

Desalination

• Need 400 Ml/d by 2014 in Gauteng• Coal mining sector already produce 35 Ml/d drinking water from mine

water in Mpumalanga

CSIR ABC Desalination process(Alkali-Barium-Calcium)

• Lime and/or CaS pre-treatment• Barium treatment for SO4 removal• Sludge processing

CaCO3 Ca(HS)2 Ca(OH)2 CO2

AMD H2O

CaSO4 BaSO4

H2O MS Mg(OH)2 BaCO3 CaCO3

Coal Sludge processing stage

CaCO3 Ca(HS)2 Ca(OH)2 CO2

Western Utilities Corporation pilot plantto evaluate ABC process

Mg(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 CO2

AMD Treated

H2O

BaSO4 CaCO3

Mg(OH)2

Fe(OH)3 H2O Ash

H2O Al(OH)3 Coal S

MnO2

Ba(OH)2(aq)

Mg(OH)2

TUT MBO process (magnesium-barium-oxide)

• Metal removal with Mg(OH)2

• SO4 and Mg removal with Ba(OH)2

• Sludge processing

Soshanguve pilot plant for freeze desalination

Refrigeration unit

Heat exchangers

Ice filter

Ice production

Official launch – 25 October 2011 at 13:00 as Soshanguve Campus of TUT

HIF-01.wmv