1

2

What was Charles Darwin’s idea What was Charles Darwin’s idea about evolution called?about evolution called?

A) CompetitonA) CompetitonB) Natural SelectionB) Natural SelectionC) SurvivalC) SurvivalD) Complete EvolutionD) Complete Evolution

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What are the two steps of speciation?

A) Geographic Isolation and Reproductive Isolation

B) Adaptive radiation and geographic isolation

C) Reproductive isolation and adaptive radiation

D) None of the above

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What is adaptive radiation? What is adaptive radiation?

A) Differences in isolated groups become A) Differences in isolated groups become so great, they can no longer interbreedso great, they can no longer interbreed

B) When a population becomes divided by B) When a population becomes divided by a natural barriera natural barrier

C) survival of the fittestC) survival of the fittest

D) When one species splits into many D) When one species splits into many species to fill open habitatsspecies to fill open habitats

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What was Jay Gould’s theory?

A) Punctuated equilibriumB) Popularized evolutionC) GradualismD) Neodarwinism

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Which of these is a Which of these is a Prokaryote?Prokaryote?

A) bacteriaA) bacteriaB) fungiB) fungiC) protistaC) protistaD) plantsD) plants

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What is taxonomy?What is taxonomy?A) the epithet for the speciesA) the epithet for the speciesB) the genus name of the B) the genus name of the

speciesspeciesC) method to name and C) method to name and

classify speciesclassify speciesD) a two-part Latin name D) a two-part Latin name

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Layering occurs in Layering occurs in which type of rock?which type of rock?

A) igneousA) igneousB) sedimentaryB) sedimentaryC) metamorphicC) metamorphic

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Evolution is:Evolution is:

A) rapid changeA) rapid changeB) complete changeB) complete changeC) gradual changeC) gradual changeD) extreme changeD) extreme change

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Which is not a cause of Which is not a cause of evolutionary change?evolutionary change?

A) genetic driftA) genetic driftB) speciationB) speciationC) mutationC) mutationD) founder effectD) founder effect

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Genetic drift involves:Genetic drift involves:

A) isolation A) isolation accumulate accumulate mutations mutations

B) Mutations B) Mutations accumulate accumulate isolationisolation

C) founder effect C) founder effect D) isolationD) isolation

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When a new species evolves When a new species evolves during the recovery period during the recovery period following mass extinctionfollowing mass extinction

A) Mass extinction A) Mass extinction B) Background extinction B) Background extinction C) Adaptive radiation C) Adaptive radiation D) Emergent SpeciesD) Emergent Species

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Which island would have the Which island would have the most species diversity?most species diversity?

A) bigger islandsA) bigger islands

B) small islandsB) small islands

C) islands close to mainlandC) islands close to mainland

D) islands farther from mainlandD) islands farther from mainland

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The Galapagos Islands are The Galapagos Islands are locatedlocated

– Near EuropeNear Europe– Near AustraliaNear Australia– Below North AmericaBelow North America– Below South AmericaBelow South AmericaA.A.In the Atlantic Ocean In the Atlantic Ocean

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What was interesting about the finches beaks?What was interesting about the finches beaks?

A. They all got fatter due to the tropical A. They all got fatter due to the tropical climateclimate

B. They got narrower since the seeds were B. They got narrower since the seeds were harder hereharder here

C. They were the same as on the mainlandC. They were the same as on the mainland

D. They all adapted individually to different D. They all adapted individually to different situations. situations.

E. They fell off within 5 months of adult life.E. They fell off within 5 months of adult life.

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The current species on the islandThe current species on the island

A.A. Separated into different species over time as Separated into different species over time as their beaks and characteristics adaptedtheir beaks and characteristics adapted

B.B. Killed each other, leaving only the species Killed each other, leaving only the species seen now- a result of survival of the fittest and seen now- a result of survival of the fittest and competition.competition.

C.C. All were replaced by new finches/birds the All were replaced by new finches/birds the settlers brought oversettlers brought over

D.D. Were partially replaced by finches/birds the Were partially replaced by finches/birds the settlers brought oversettlers brought over

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According to Darwin, what According to Darwin, what made up natural selection?made up natural selection?

A.A. CompetitionCompetition

B.B. VarianceVariance

C.C. Competition and VarianceCompetition and Variance

D.D. Competition and Instinct Competition and Instinct

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Being “fit” means ?Being “fit” means ?

A.A. Being the strongest in the speciesBeing the strongest in the species

B.B. Being the strongest in the populationBeing the strongest in the population

C.C. Being the fastest and strongest in the Being the fastest and strongest in the speciesspecies

D.D. Being the fastest and strongest in the Being the fastest and strongest in the populationpopulation

E.E. Surviving to reproduceSurviving to reproduce

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Fossils are formed when:Fossils are formed when:

A.A.Sedimentary rock compress against each Sedimentary rock compress against each other with the bones of dead organisms in other with the bones of dead organisms in themthem

B.B. Dead animals bones are weathered by Dead animals bones are weathered by natural wind processesnatural wind processes

C.C. The sun burns away flesh and imprints The sun burns away flesh and imprints dead animal bones into rock and sand\dead animal bones into rock and sand\

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Limbs that share similar bone structure Limbs that share similar bone structure but have different function are calledbut have different function are called

A. HomogenousA. Homogenous

B. Synonymous B. Synonymous

C. HomologyC. Homology

D. ForelimbsD. Forelimbs

E. Homologous E. Homologous

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What is not a type of competition?What is not a type of competition?

A) Resource competitionA) Resource competition

B) Preemptive competitionB) Preemptive competition

C) Mating competitionC) Mating competition

D) Interference competitionD) Interference competition

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Why do insecticides not work completely?Why do insecticides not work completely?

A.A.Companies purposely make the products Companies purposely make the products weaker so customers have to buy moreweaker so customers have to buy more

B.B.Government regulates their power to protect Government regulates their power to protect the environment under the FIFRAthe environment under the FIFRA

C.C.They target only adults in the insect population They target only adults in the insect population so those hatched do not get killedso those hatched do not get killed

D.D.The stronger survive and reproduce The stronger survive and reproduce genetically resistant offspringgenetically resistant offspring

E.E.Insecticide has a very short half-life, so it wears Insecticide has a very short half-life, so it wears off before the job is done a lot of times. off before the job is done a lot of times.

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How do we get How do we get Biodiversity?Biodiversity?

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Evolution, Evolution, Biodiversity, and Biodiversity, and

Community Community Processes Processes

APESAPES

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BiodiversityBiodiversity

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BiodiversityBiodiversity• Biodiversity

– increases with speciation– decreases with extinction

• Give-and-take between speciation and extinction changes in biodiversity

• Extinction creates evolutionary opportunities for adaptive radiation of surviving species

Interpretations of SpeciationInterpretations of Speciation

Two theories:Two theories:1.1. Gradualist Model (Neo-Gradualist Model (Neo-

Darwinian):Darwinian):

Slow changes in species Slow changes in species overtimeovertime

2.2. Punctuated Equilibrium:Punctuated Equilibrium:

Evolution occurs in spurts of Evolution occurs in spurts of relatively rapid changerelatively rapid change

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Adaptive Adaptive RadiationRadiation

Emergence of Emergence of numerous species numerous species from a common from a common ancestor introduced ancestor introduced to new and diverse to new and diverse environmentsenvironmentsExample::Hawaiian Hawaiian Honeycreepers Honeycreepers

Convergent EvolutionConvergent Evolution

Species from different evolutionary Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar another if they live in very similar

environmentsenvironments

Example:Example:

1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia).1. Ostrich (Africa) and Emu (Australia).

2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) and2. Sidewinder (Mojave Desert) and

Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)Horned Viper (Middle East Desert)

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CoevolutionCoevolution• Evolutionary changeEvolutionary change

– One species acts as a selective force on a One species acts as a selective force on a second speciessecond species

– Inducing adaptations Inducing adaptations – that act as selective force on the first that act as selective force on the first

speciesspecies Example:Example:1.1. Wolf and MooseWolf and Moose2.2. Acacia ants and Acacia treesAcacia ants and Acacia trees2.2. Yucca Plants and Yucca mothsYucca Plants and Yucca moths3.3. LichenLichen

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ExtinctionExtinction• Extinction of a species occurs when it

ceases to exist; may follow environmental change - if the species does not evolve

• Evolution and extinction are affected by:– large scale movements of continents– gradual climate changes due to continental

drift or orbit changes– rapid climate changes due to catastrophic

events

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ExtinctionExtinction• Background extinctionBackground extinction - species disappear - species disappear

at a low rate as local conditions changeat a low rate as local conditions change• Mass extinctionMass extinction - catastrophic, wide-spread - catastrophic, wide-spread

events --> abrupt increase in extinction rateevents --> abrupt increase in extinction rate• Five mass extinctions in past 500 million Five mass extinctions in past 500 million

yearsyears• Adaptive radiationAdaptive radiation - new species evolve - new species evolve

during recovery period following mass during recovery period following mass extinction extinction

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Mass ExtinctionsMass ExtinctionsDate of the Extinction

Event

Percent

Species Lost

Species Affected

65 mya

(million

years ago)

85 Dinosaurs, plants (except ferns and seed bearing plants), marine

vertebrates and invertebrates. Most mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles,

lizards, snakes, and amphibians were unaffected.

213 mya 44 Marine vertebrates and invertebrates

248 mya 75-95 Marine vertebrates and invertebrates

380 mya 70 Marine invertebrates

450 mya 50 Marine invertebrates

http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/9h.html

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1. Diversity is a balance of factors that increase diversity and factors that decrease diversity

2. Production of new species (speciation), and influx can increase diversity

3. Competitive exclusion, efficient predators, catastrophic events (extinction) can decrease diversity

4. Physical conditions a. variety of resourcesb. Predatorsc. environmental variability

Equilibrium Theory of BiodiversityEquilibrium Theory of Biodiversity

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Species Diversity

Def: the variety of species in an area

Two subcomponents: species richness species evenness

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Species Richness vs. EvennessSpecies Richness: measurement of the

number of species in a given area

Species Evenness (: measurement of how evenly distributed organisms are among Species (also called Species Abundance)

Community A Community B

species 1 25 1species 2 0 1species 3 25 1species 4 25 1species 5 25 96

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Determining Species Diversity

Scientists may want to:

* get an estimate of # of species in an area

* compare species diversity of two communities

To be accurate, need to:

* take both species evenness and species richness into account

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Species Diversity Indices

Shannon-Weiner (Shannon-Weaver) Index

Diversity = H1=- ∑p1 {lnp1}

(p sp 1 ln(p sp 1)) + (p sp 2 ln(p sp. 2) + …

(p sp N ln(p sp. N)

Measures: Species Richness and Species

Abundance.

Likelihood that the next indiv will be

same species as previous species.

What does this graph tell you What does this graph tell you about species richness?about species richness?

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Shannon Weiner ValuesShannon Weiner Values

• Values-higher # higher biodiversity.

• Value near 0 = every species is the same.

• Value near close to the number of species = evenly distributed between the # of species. 45

Simpson Index of Simpson Index of DiversityDiversity

SID=1-D or 1-Diversity•D=n1(n1-1) + n2(n2-1)….nx(nx-1)

• N(N-1)

•Measures species richness

•And eveness in habitat.46

Simpson’s Diversity IndexSimpson’s Diversity Index

• Measure that accounts for both richness & % of each species.

• The index first developed by Simpson in 1949.

• Useful tool in terrestrial and aquatic ecologists for many yrs.

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Simpson’s ValuesSimpson’s Values

• The higher the SID, the more diverse your sample is.

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49

Why should we care about measuring

biodiversity(species diversity)?

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Biodiversity Factoids

~ 2,000,000 spp. have been described  ~ 10-30,000,000 species actually exist (est.)

~ 8,000,000 – 22,000,000 spp. unidentified

~ 40 – 60% of all spp. occur in two areas:

* tropical rainforests* coral reefs

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• Richness (number of species)

• Relative abundance

• How do we describe these differences?

Comparison of Two Comparison of Two CommunitiesCommunities

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Biogeographical ChangesBiogeographical Changes

• Richness declines from equator to pole

• Due to:

–Evolutionary history

–ClimateFig 53.23 Bird species numbers

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• Species-area curve

• The larger the geographic area, the greaterthe numberof species

Geographic (Sample) SizeGeographic (Sample) Size

Fig. 23.25 North American Birds

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Species Richness on IslandsSpecies Richness on Islands• Depends on:Depends on:

–Rate of immigration to islandRate of immigration to island–Rate of extinction on islandRate of extinction on island

• These in turn depend on:These in turn depend on:–Island sizeIsland size–Distance from mainlandDistance from mainland

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How do species move?How do species move?• Humans (accidental and intended)• Animals (sticky seeds and scat)• Wind and ocean currents (+ or -)• Land bridges• Stepping stone islands

– affected by climactic changes (glaciation)– ocean levels– short-term weather patterns

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What allowed colonization?What allowed colonization?

• Niche opening

• No competition

• Endemics not utilizing resources

• Accessibility to colonists

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Theory of Island BiogeographyTheory of Island Biogeography

1. Immigration rate decreases as island diversity increases

2. Extinction increases as island diversity increases

3. Species equilibrium on islands is a balance of immigration and local extinction

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59

1.Smaller islands have lower total populations

2.Probability of extinction increases with lower population

3.Smaller islands have lower species diversity

Theory of Island BiogeographyTheory of Island Biogeography

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1.Islands further from mainland have lower immigration rates

2.More distant islands have lower species diversity

Theory of Island BiogeographyTheory of Island Biogeography

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Wilderness Act of 1964Wilderness Act of 1964• Wilderness Act of 1964: directed

the Secretary of the Interior, within 10 years, to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more acres and every roadless island (regardless of size) within National Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems and to recommend to the President the suitability of each such area or island for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System, with final decisions made by Congress. The Secretary of Agriculture was directed to study and recommend suitable areas in the National Forest System.

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RooseveltRoosevelt• T. Roosevelt also

tripled the size of the forest reserves and transferred administration from Department of the Interior (USDOI) to Department of Agriculture (USDA.

RooseveltRoosevelt• 1905, Congress created the US Forest

Service to manage and protect forest reserves. Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot as its first chief.

• 1907, Roosevelt reserved 16 million acres of land. Congress was trying to ban Executive orders for forest reservation. Roosevelt did this defiantly the day before Congress’ ban became law!

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PinchotPinchot• (1905) Pinchot pioneered

scientific management of forest resources on public lands, using the principles of sustainable yield and multiple use.

• This same year, the Audubon Society was founded to preserve the nation’s bird species.

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US National Park ServiceUS National Park Service• 1912, Congress created the US

National Park Service.• 1916, Congress passed the National

park System Organic Act – declared that the parks were to be maintained in a manner that leaves them unimpaired for future generations and established the National Park Service (DOI).

• Stephen Mather was the first Director of NPS. He began establishing grand hotels and other tourist facilities in parks with spectacular scenery to encourage tourism by allowing private concessionaires to operate facilities within the parks.

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Community Community RelationshipsRelationships

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Niche isthe species’ occupation

and its

Habitat location of species

(its address)

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NicheNicheA species’ functional role in its ecosystem; includes anything affecting species survival and reproduction

1. Range of tolerance for various physical and chemical conditions

2. Types of resources used

3. Interactions with living and nonliving components of ecosystems

4. Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling

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NicheNiche

Realized niche:Realized niche: more restricted more restricted set of conditions under which set of conditions under which the species actually exists due to the species actually exists due to interactions with other speciesinteractions with other species

Fundamental niche:Fundamental niche: set of set of conditions under which a conditions under which a species might exist in the species might exist in the absence of interactions with absence of interactions with other speciesother species

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Types of SpeciesTypes of Species•Generalist

–large niches–tolerate wide range of environmental variations–do better during changing environmental

conditions

•Specialist–narrow niches– more likely to become endangered– do better under consistent environmental

conditions

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• Depending upon the characteristics of the organism, organisms will follow a biotic potential or carrying capacity type reproductive strategy

The r-strategists1. High biotic potential – reproduce very fast2. Are adapted to live in a variable climate3. Produce many small, quickly maturing offspring = early

reproductive maturity4. “Opportunistic” organismsThe K-strategists1. Adaptations allow them to maintain population values around the

carrying capacity2. They live long lives3. Reproduce late4. Produce few, large, offspring

r and k strategistsr and k strategists

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Types of SpeciesTypes of Species• Native speciesNative species normally live and thrive in a

particular ecosystem• Nonnative speciesNonnative species are introduced - can be

called exotic or alien• Indicator speciesIndicator species serve as early warnings of

danger to ecosystem- birds & amphibians• Keystone speciesKeystone species are considered of most

importance in maintaining their ecosystem

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Nonnative Nonnative SpeciesSpecies• Nonnative plant species are invading the Nonnative plant species are invading the

nation's parks at an alarming rate, nation's parks at an alarming rate, displacing native vegetation and displacing native vegetation and threatening the wildlife that depend on threatening the wildlife that depend on themthem

• At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much National Lakeshore in Michigan, as much as 23 percent of the ground is covered with as 23 percent of the ground is covered with alien species, and the rate of expansion is alien species, and the rate of expansion is increasing dramatically.increasing dramatically.

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Indicator Indicator SpeciesSpecies

• a species whose status provides information on the overall condition of the ecosystem and of other species in that ecosystem

• reflect the quality and changes in environmental conditions as well as aspects of community composition

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Keystone SpeciesKeystone Species• A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch that supports the

other stones and keeps the whole arch from falling– a species on which the persistence of a large number of other species in

the ecosystem depends.

• If a keystone species is removed from a system– the species it supported will also disappear

– other dependent species will also disappear

• Examples– top carnivores that keep prey in check

– large herbivores that shape the habitat in which other species live

– important plants that support particular insect species that are prey for birds

– bats that disperse the seeds of plants

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Species Species InteractionInteraction

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CompetitionCompetitionAny interaction between two or more

species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or

distribution of one of the species

1. Resource competition

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CompetitionCompetition

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Resource CompetitionResource Competition

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CompetitionCompetitionAny interaction between two or more

species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or

distribution of one of the species

1. Resource competition

2. Preemptive competition

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84

CompetitionCompetitionAny interaction between two or more

species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or

distribution of one of the species

1. Resource competition

2. Preemptive competition

3. Competitive exclusion

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Competitive ExclusionCompetitive Exclusion

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CompetitionCompetitionAny interaction between two or more

species for a resource that causes a decrease in the population growth or

distribution of one of the species1. Resource competition2. Preemptive competition3. Competition exploitation 4. Interference competition

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CompetitionCompetition

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PREDATION

89

Predator AdaptationsPredator Adaptations• Prey detection and recognition

–sensory adaptations

–distinguish prey from non-prey

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91

92

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Predator AdaptationsPredator Adaptations• Prey detection and recognition

–sensory adaptations

–distinguish prey from non-prey

• Prey capture–passive vs. active

–individuals vs. cooperative

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95

96

97

98

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Predator AdaptationsPredator Adaptations• Prey detection and recognition

–sensory adaptations–distinguish prey from non-prey

• Prey capture–passive vs. active–individuals vs. cooperative

• Eating prey–teeth, claws etc.

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101

102

103

104

Prey AdaptationsPrey Adaptations• Avoid detection

– camouflage, mimics,

– diurnal/nocturnal

105

106

107

108

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Prey AdaptationsPrey Adaptations• Avoid detection

– camouflage, mimics,

– diurnal/nocturnal

• Avoid capture– flee

– resist

– escape

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111

112

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Prey AdaptationsPrey Adaptations• Avoid detection

– camouflage, mimics, – diurnal/nocturnal

• Avoid capture– flee– resist– escape

• Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten)– struggle?– protection, toxins

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115

HerbivoryHerbivoryHerbivore needs to find most

nutritious–circumvent plant defenses

116

117

HerbivoryHerbivoryHerbivore needs to find most

nutritious–circumvent plant defenses

Herbivory strong selective pressure on plants–structural adaptations for defense–chemical adaptations for defense

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119

120

HerbivoryHerbivory

121

HerbivoryHerbivory

122

HerbivoryHerbivory

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Symbiosis: Symbiosis: Mutualists, Mutualists,

Commensalists Commensalists and Parasitesand Parasites

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• Symbiosis and symbiotic relationship are two commonly misused terms

• Translation of symbiosis from the Greek literally means “living together”

• Both positive and negative interactions

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MutualismMutualismDEFINITION:

An interaction between two individuals of different species that benefits both partners in this interaction

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MutualismMutualism

• Increase birth rates

• Decrease death rates

• Increase equilibrium population densities,

Raise the carrying capacity

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PollinationPollination

• Animals visit flowers to collect nectar and incidentally carry pollen from one flower to another

• Animals get food and the plant get a pollination service

128

• Yucca’s only pollinator is the yucca moth. Hence entirely dependent on it for dispersal.

• Yucca moth caterpillar’s only food is yucca seeds.

• Yucca moth lives in yucca and receives shelter from plant.

Yucca and Yucca Moth Yucca and Yucca Moth

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Lichen (Fungi-Algae)Lichen (Fungi-Algae)• Symbiotic relationship of algae and

fungae…results in very different growth formas with and without symbiont.

• What are the benefits to the fungus?

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Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation

Darkest areas are nuclei, the mid-tone areas are millions of bacteria Gram -, ciliate

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CommensalistsCommensalists• Benefit from the

host at almost no cost to the host

• Eyelash mite and humans

• Us and starlings or house sparrows

• Sharks and remora

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Parasites and ParasitoidsParasites and Parasitoids• Parasites: draw resources from

host without killing the host (at least in the short term).

• Parasitoids: draw resources from the host and kill them swiftly (though not necessarily consuming them).

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Parasitic waspsParasitic wasps

• Important parasites of larvae.

• In terms of biological control, how would this differ from predation?

ovipositor

134

Ecological Ecological ProcessesProcesses

135

Ecological SuccessionEcological Succession

Primary and Secondary SuccessionPrimary and Secondary Succession

gradual & fairly predictable change in species composition with time

•some species colonize & become more abundant;

•other species decline or even disappear.

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Ecological SuccessionEcological SuccessionGradual changing environment in

favor of new / different species / communities

137

138

Primary Primary SuccessionSuccession

Glacier Glacier RetreatRetreat

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140

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DisturbanceDisturbanceEvent that disrupts an ecosystem or community;

• Natural disturbance

•tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, & floods

• Human–caused disturbance

•deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing, pollution,mining

• Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary succession

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Ecological StabilityEcological StabilityCarrying Capacity – maximum number of

individuals the environment can support

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Ecological Stability - StressEcological Stability - Stress1. Drop in Primary Productivity2. Increased Nutrient Losses3. Decline or extinction of indicator

species4. Increased populations of insect

pests or disease organisms5. Decline in Species diversity6. Presence of Contaminants

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Which law directed the Secretary of the Which law directed the Secretary of the Interior to review every roadless area of Interior to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more acres and every roadless 5,000 or more acres and every roadless island within National Wildlife Refuge and island within National Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems?National Park Systems?

A. Endangered Species ActA. Endangered Species ActB. Wilderness Act B. Wilderness Act C. Lacey ActC. Lacey ActD. National Park ActD. National Park ActE. Wild and Scenic Rivers ActE. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

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What are keystone species?What are keystone species?

A. A. existing in such small numbers that it is in existing in such small numbers that it is in danger of becoming extinctdanger of becoming extinct

B. introduced to an environment where it is not B. introduced to an environment where it is not native, and that has since become a nuisance native, and that has since become a nuisance

C. likely to become an endangered species within C. likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its rangesignificant portion of its range

D. serve as early warnings of damage to a D. serve as early warnings of damage to a communitycommunity

E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a disproportionate effect on other organisms within disproportionate effect on other organisms within the system the system

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Who did Roosevelt appoint to head Who did Roosevelt appoint to head the newly created US Forest the newly created US Forest Service to protect and manage the Service to protect and manage the world’s forests?world’s forests?A. E.O. Wilson A. E.O. Wilson B. Aldo LeopoldB. Aldo LeopoldC. Robert MacArthurC. Robert MacArthurD. Stephen MatherD. Stephen MatherE. Gifford PinchotE. Gifford Pinchot

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Mutualism benefits:Mutualism benefits:

A) one of the organisms & hurts A) one of the organisms & hurts the otherthe other

B) neither of the organismsB) neither of the organismsC) both of the organismsC) both of the organismsD) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the D) benefits one & doesn’t hurt the

otherotherE) only one of the organismsE) only one of the organisms

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CommensalismCommensalism::

A) benefits only one of the organismsA) benefits only one of the organisms

B) benefits both organismsB) benefits both organisms

C) benefits one, doesn’t harm the otherC) benefits one, doesn’t harm the other

D) benefits neither of the organismsD) benefits neither of the organisms

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Biodiversity:Biodiversity:

A) decreases with speciation and A) decreases with speciation and extinction extinction

B) decreases with speciation and B) decreases with speciation and increases with extinctionincreases with extinction

C) increases with speciation and C) increases with speciation and extinctionextinction

D) increases with speciation and D) increases with speciation and decreases with extinctiondecreases with extinction

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What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?

A) behavioral isolationA) behavioral isolation

B) habitat isolationB) habitat isolation

C) mechanical isolationC) mechanical isolation

D) hybrid isolationD) hybrid isolation

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Which of the following does Which of the following does species richness not depend on?species richness not depend on?

A) rate of immigrationA) rate of immigration

B) island sizeB) island size

C) distance from mainlandC) distance from mainland

D) types of speciesD) types of species

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Which is a species on which the Which is a species on which the persistence of a large number of other persistence of a large number of other species in the ecosystem depends?species in the ecosystem depends?

A) r-strategistsA) r-strategists

B) k-strategistsB) k-strategists

C) nonnative C) nonnative

D) keystoneD) keystone

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What is not characteristic of a What is not characteristic of a k-strategists?k-strategists?

A) long lifeA) long life

B) bigger bodiesB) bigger bodies

C) produce a lot of offspringC) produce a lot of offspring

D) produce late in lifeD) produce late in life

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What is not a predator What is not a predator adaptation?adaptation?

A) prey detectionA) prey detection

B) prey captureB) prey capture

C) eating preyC) eating prey

D) avoid detectionD) avoid detection

E) mass numbersE) mass numbers

155

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