What was the meaning of the U.S. Civil War?

THE CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)

GRANT“This is a warto keep the Union together.”

“This is a war for Southern Independence.”

LEE

Main Causes1. Sectionalism2. States’ Rights3. Slavery

Sectionalism Tendency to be more interested in your particular region than the problems and interests of the entire country

Industrial Economy vs Plantation Economy

Protective Tariffs – High vs Low

States’ RightsThe rights and

powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.

The south turned to this argument to protect slavery

The Civil War:Union (North) vs. Confederacy

(South)- United States - Confederate States

0

124

248

372

496

620

Rev 1812 Mex Civil WW I WW II Korean Vietnam Iraq

U.S. War Deaths in Thousands

A Nation Divided

THE UNION

Abraham Lincoln:

President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary

THE UNION

Ulysses S. Grant:

Union military commander,who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed

__________ Economy based on _______________.

Southern ___________ fed the North.Favored ____________ of slavery.Wanted a high ___________to protect

industries in the North.Believed in a strong ___________ _____________.

THE UNION

Industrial ManufacturingCotton

abolitiontariff

National Government

THE UNION

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSESLarge Industrial Base to build war materials

Poor Military leadership

Much larger population

Larger area to defend

More Technology

Squeeze the South

“Anaconda” plan

Blockade Southern ports

Gain control of Mississippi by taking the port of New Orleans

Northern Strategy

THE CONFEDERACY

President of the Confederacy:

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis:

U.S. Senator who became president of the Confederate States of America

THE CONFEDERACYLincoln offered Lee

the command of the Union forces but he refused

Resigned from U.S. Army and returned to VA to serve with Confederate forces

He personally was against slavery but believed strongly in States’ Rights

General of the Confederacy:

Robert E. Lee

_________________ _______________ based on, ________________ , _____________ in particular.

Depended on _________ to produce cotton profitably.

Southern cotton accounted for a majority of U.S. _________ to other countries. The south was a MONEY MAKER!

Hated a _________ because the South also __________ more than the North. Feared a _____________ _____________ from other countries would hurt their economy as well.

Believed in state’s rights, among them the right to ________ federal law and the right of a state to___________.

THE CONFEDERACY

An Agricultural economyCash crops cotton

slavery

exports

tariff importedretaliatory

tariff

nullifysecede

THE CONFEDERACYSTRENGTHS WEAKNESSES

Large Export economy Few Factories to make war material

Good Military Leadership

Smaller population from which to build an army

People have the will to fight

Less money and fewer Railroads

Confederacy Strategy

“King Cotton” Plan

Defensive war of attrition (strategy of winning by not losing)

Wear out opponent

G. Washington’s strategy in Revolutionary War

Get European support

Jackson, Beauregard, Lee

Confederacy Strategy

South - twice the size of 13 original colonies

GOAL: Secession and independence

Jefferson Davis - President

Civil War Armaments & Technology

“Why did they fight in lines?”“Were they Stupid?” NO!!!!

Psychology – closeness in numbers. Battles were terrifying

1-150 bullets actually hit somebody

Could see flags above firing smoke fog for formation

Wagon Trains

Women – had to feed and take care of the men

Confederate Sterling Price’s Wagon Train through Missouri stretched (reportedly) 15 miles

Howitzers

Threw 12-pound shell up to 1000 yards (1/2 mile)

Could be easily disassembled & carried by mule

Smoothbore Howitzer

Gatling GunLimited use in the Civil War - 1864

600 rounds (bullets) in one minute

Ironclad ships Iron covered vessels

Revolving turret (cannon)

Brings an end to tall-masted wooden military ships

Springfield Rifle

Union Army’s standard weapon

Rifled bore - greater accuracy

150 - 200 yards (compared to 80 yards for smooth bore weapons)

Gives rise to trench warfare

Single Shot? Why not multiple shot?

TelegraphLong distance communication

Organized troop movement

Train

Allowed for quick movement of troops & suppliesThis was a huge advantage for the UnionAll major Civil War battles took place 100 or miles less from RR tracks

DiseaseDisease was the chief killer in the war - claiming two soldiers for every one killed in battle. Hospitals were so unsanitary that one Union soldier lamented: "If a fellow has [to go to the] Hospital, you might as well say goodbye.”

-Ken Burns - Civil War

Clara BartonShe was a Northern woman who gave water to dying soldiers

She continually risked her life to do this

The Civil War BeginsSince South Carolina

had seceded from the United States, it didn’t want Northern soldiers on its land at Fort Sumter

Southern General Bueargard tried to get the northern general Anderson to peacefully surrender Fort Sumter.

The Civil War BeginsApril 12 & 13 - Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter

Fort Surrenders - no one killed

Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to end insurrection

Virginia, N. Carolina,

Arkansas and Tennessee

join the Confederacy

AntietamThe Battle took place in

Farmer Miller’s cornfield.The battle is known as

the Single bloodiest day in the Civil War.

23,500 men were killed in the Bloody lane.

The name of the bridge where the confederates held the Yankees for 4 hours is called, Burnside.

The south used rocks when they ran out of ammunition.

South won the battle.

The Coming of EmancipationSeptember 22, 1862--

Antietam prompts preliminary Emancipation Proclamation surrender in 100 days or

lose slaves January 1, 1863--

Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellion

African Americans flee to Union lines

Confederacy loses thousands of laborers

How did the ideas expressed in the Emancipation

Proclamation support the North’s war aims?

A. Emancipation Proclamation

• Freed those slaves located in the “rebelling” states

(Southern states that had seceded)

• Made the abolition of slavery a Northern war aim

• Discouraged any interference of foreign governments

• Allowed for the enlistment of African American soldiers in the Union Army

The Battle of Vicksburg, MS

• President Abraham Lincoln recognized the significance of the town situated on a 200-foot bluff above the Mississippi River.

• He said, "Vicksburg is the key, the war can never be brought to a close until that key is in our pocket."

• This was part of the Anaconda Plan devised by the Union

• Confederate forces surrendered on July 3, 1863

The Battle of Gettysburg, PA

July 1-3, 1863, Turning point of the Civil War

Bloodiest battle (3 days), ending with Picket’s charge, only time the South attempts to invade the North, 51,000 Union and Confederate deaths.

On November 19,1863.

President Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address.

Gettysburg Address  "Four score and seven years

ago,"

Lincoln examined the founding principles of the United States in the context of the Civil War, and memorialized the sacrifices of those who gave their lives at Gettysburg and extolled virtues for the listeners (and the nation) to ensure the survival of America's representative democracy,

That "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

How did the ideas expressed in the Gettysburg Address support

the North’s war aims?

Gettysburg Address: Nov. 19, 1863

• Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”

• Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign states. Southerners believed that states had freely joined the union andcould freely leave.

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in VA

April 9, 1865

Confederacy surrenders

Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in VA

April 9, 1865

Confederacy surrenders

Year Battle Description

1861 April—Fort Sumter, S.C.July—Bull Run, Virginia

--Union forces surrender at Charleston--Union army routed by Confederates

1862 Sept.—Antietam, VirginiaDec.—Fredericksburg, Virginia

--First major Union defeat of Lee--Lee halts Union advance to Richmond

1863 May—Chancellorsville, VirginiaJuly—Vicksburg, Miss.July—Gettysburg, Penn.

--Lee defeats Union and invades North--Grant captures Vicksburg--Lee’s invasion on North halted, Lee retreats

1864 Sept.—Atlanta, Georgia --Sherman’s March to the Sea

1865 April—Appomattox, Virginia --Lee surrenders to Grant, Civil War ends

45TAKS Obj. 5 / TEKS 8.30D also 8.8B

SELECTED BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR, 1861--1865

Battle of Ft. Sumter (and Bull Run) 1861

Battle of Gettys-burg (July, 1863)

Turning point of the war, lasttime the South invaded North

January, 1863

Lincoln’s order that all slaves in rebellious territories were free.

Appomotox Courthouse-April, 1865 Confederate Gen. Lee surrenders

July, 1863

The speech above shows that Lincoln believed that the South should — A be allowed to continue the practice of slaveryB pay for the damages suffered by the UnionC receive fair treatment after the warD be punished for seceding from the Union

History

William CarneyCongressional Medal of

Honor RecipientServed with the 54th

Massachusetts Regiment during the Civil War

He was the 1st African American soldier to receive this award

Under a fierce fire, he was twice severely wounded