what we all need to know about pelvic health
TRANSCRIPT
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What We All Need To Know About Pelvic
Health
Presented By: Elizabeth Templeton DPT, GCS, CEEAA, PCES
January 28, 2020 FPTA Meeting
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Objectives: 1. Explain the functional anatomy of the pelvic floor and its role in bladder and
bowel control, respiration, balance and lumbopelvic stability.
2. To provide participants with current evidence to enhance clinical reasoning in
the management of common pelvic floor dysfunction
3. To be able to perform basic interventions to address common bladder and
bowel dysfunctions.
4. To be able to describe the role of a pelvic floor physical therapist to a patient
and the process of referring to a specialist.
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Did you know? ● Pelvic floor disorders affect almost 25% of women in the United States.
● Urinary Incontinence (UI) affect 25 Million people in the US.
● 50% of men report leakage after prostate surgery
● People with incontinence are more likely to also have low back pain
● Nearly 40% of Women between the ages of 20 and 45 have overactive bladder
● Women and Men with UI are 3X more likely to FALL than those without Leakage
● $66 billion in 2007 in the US
(National Association For Continence)
uber-docs.com
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The Functions of the Pelvic Floor Support: Holding Things Up
Sexual : Use it or Lose it
Sphincteric: When You Gotta Go
Stabilization and Breath:Your Inner Core
Sump Pump:Circulating Blood and Lymph Image from adventpt
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Pelvic Floor Muscles 101 Urogenital Triangle (Diaphragm)
Superficial
● Bulbospongiosus (cavernosus in men)
● Ischiocavernosus
● Superficial transverse Perineal
Middle Layer
● Deep Transverse Perineal
● Sphincter Urethra
Saved from studyblue.com
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Pelvic Floor Muscles 101Anal Triangle
● Internal Anal Sphincter (Involuntary)
● External Anal Sphincter (voluntary)
Saved from studybible
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Deep Muscles of the Pelvic FloorLevator Ani
● Pubococcygeus ○ Puborectalias
○ Pubovaginalias
● Iliococcygeus
● Coccygeus
● Obturator Internus
Wikipedia
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Deep Hip/Pelvic Muscles Act as a Sling
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Innervation Pudendal Nerve
● S2,3,4
● Motor and Sensory
● Nerve to the Levator Ani
https://www.pudendalhope.info/node/13
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Let’s Find Our Pelvic Floor!
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PFM Exercise Prescription● Individualized
● Correct performance of PFM contraction
● Quick contractions- 2 second hold, 4 second rest, 10 reps, 3 sets/day
● Endurance contractions- 5 second hold, 10 second rest, 10 reps, 3 sets/day
● Maximal intensity- 50%-75% of maximum contraction
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The Power of Education “The belief of doing correct PFM contraction was false in at least one of five
postpartum women. Verbal instructions have a positive effect on performing
PFMC in 73.6 % of women” -Vermandel et al. 2015.
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Functional Anatomy of the Bladder
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Pelvic Floor and Bladder Control Storage Phase
● detrusor relaxed
● trigone contracted (internal sphincter)
● PFM contracted keeping all of the urine in
● outlet pressure > vesical pressure
Emptying Phase
● detrusor contracted
● trigone relaxed
● PFM relaxed
● outlet pressure< vesical pressure
NursingTimes.com
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Pelvic Floor and Bowel Function
● At Rest=Sphincter muscles closed
● Defecation= ^ rectal pressure coordinated with relaxation of anal sphincters and PFM’s muscles
https://www.jaypeedigital.com/
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Pooping Posture
● Sit fully on the toilet
● Knees higher than hips
● Rest forearms on legs
● Breathe
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Pelvic Floor and Your Inner Core
researchgate.net
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Preserve the Canister● Inhale: Diaphragm and PFM go down,
rib cage expands (umbrella)
● Exahe: Pelvic floor rises belly flattens
and ribs come back to resting
● Paradoxical breathing pattern can
cause leaking
● Re establish breathing pattern
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Common Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions
Overactive Pelvic Floor Muscles
Definition: Pelvic floor muscles are unable to relax or will contract during function, including
defecation or micturition
Symptoms: Obstructive voiding or defecation, dyspareunia, pelvic pain
Signs: Absent voluntary relaxation, non relaxing pelvic floor and involuntary PFM contraction,
Non Contracting PFM
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Common Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions
Non-functioning PFM
Definition: A situation in which there is no palpable pelvic floor muscle action
Symptoms: Any pelvic floor symptom may be present
Signs: Non- contracting, non-relaxing pelvic floor muscles
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Common Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions
Underactive Pelvic Floor Muscles
Definition: Pelvic floor muscles are unable to contract when needed
Symptoms: Urinary or fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse (POP)
Signs: Absent or weak voluntary and involuntary PFM contraction, Non Contracting PFM
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Incontinence Urge Incontinence: Detrusor Overactivity
● Overactive Bladder (OAB): Sudden strong urge to urinate, “key in the door”
voiding more than 8x/24 hours, running water
● Nocturia: waking up at night 1+ times to urinate
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Incontinence Stress Incontinence: PFM weakness or urethral hypermobility
● Failure to store urine secondary to decreased outlet resistance
● Loss of small volume of urine while laughing, coughing, jumping, etc
● Childbirth is a common cause
Mixed Incontinence: Combination of urge and stress
womenshealthmag.org
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Incontinence Overflow Incontinence: Outlet obstruction or under active neurogenic bladder
Reflex Incontinence: No sensation and no control of sphincters (CVA, Spinal
Cord Lesion)
Functional Incontinence: Person can’t get to the bathroom fast enough
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RED FLAGS
● Sudden onset of incontinence?
● Changes in sensation to the saddle area?
● Leaking occur after surgery or with a medication change?
● Burning/blood in urine/stool?
● Is there an odor change in vaginal discharge?
● Difficulty initiating the stream?
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Putting it all together: Case Studies
Kim is a 45 y/o female, she’s a teacher and is on her feet all day, you are
evaluating her for low back pain.
During evaluation she tells you that she used to goes to boot camp 3x a week and
also used to run 2x a week. But since she had her hysterectomy she started
leaking with box jumps and stopped going and now only walks occasionally and
then she coughs, and says, “ Mom bladder strikes again, that’s normal for having 3
babies.”
What can you say next?
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LEAKING IS NOT NORMAL, IT’S COMMON
“About one‐third of women have urinary incontinence and up
to one‐tenth have faecal incontinence after childbirth. Pelvic
floor muscle training (PFMT) is commonly recommended
during pregnancy and after birth for both prevention and
treatment of incontinence”
(Woodley SJ, et al. 2017)
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Direct Follow Up Questions
● Do you get a strong urge to urinate?
● Do you to the bathroom more than 8x’s a day?
● Do you rush to go to the bathroom?
● Do you wear a pad?
● Do you wake up more than 2x’s at night to urinate?
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External Palpation
• Palm Up
• Firm pressure to the perineum
• Cue patient to perform a PFM contraction
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“Knack”Reduce downward pressure on Pelvic Floor
● Pre contraction of PFM’s
● Perform prior to cough, sneeze, laugh
● Use TrA to help
Clinical Pearl: “Blow before you go”
● Exhale and contract pelvic floor prior
to the “most challenging” part of any movement http://www.cfnaturalhealth.com/
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● Pelvic Floor PT’s have to take certification courses in order to perform Internal
Examination
● Need a Rx. for Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy from a referring MD
● Thorough Obstetric/Gynecological History
● Musculoskeletal Examination
● Evaluation of Pelvic Floor Muscles (Digital palpation, RTUS, sEMG)
● Exercise, manual therapy, modalities
● Use of Accessories ie: vaginal weights, dilators
https://milltownphysiotherapy.com/
Prepare Your Patients For a Pelvic Health Evaluation
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John 80 y/o male who was referred to you following a total knee replacement 5 days
post op. You are his home care PT and are at your follow up visit and notice a
smell of urine when you enter the house.
He did tell you during the evaluation that prior to his knee replacement he had a
fall going to bathroom at night because he gets up more times than he count to go
to the bathroom. He also told you that he had a prostatectomy 2 years ago.
His TUG score is 30 seconds
How can you help?
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Bladder Retraining ● Bladder Diary
○ Assess Fluid Intake
■ 6-8, 8 oz of fluid/ day
■ ½ oz/pound of body weight in fluids
■ 50% should be water
○ Patients Behavior
○ Fluid Management Strategies
○ Bladder Irritants
■ ie: Alcohol, spicy foods, Citrus
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Bladder Retraining ● Timed Voiding (Bladder Drills)
○ Implementing mandatory voiding times
○ Progress or decrease interval times based on success up to 3 hours
between voids
○ Do not void between unscheduled times
○ Don’t skip a void even if you don’t “have” to go
healthination.com
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Bladder Retraining Urge Suppression Techniques “Bladder Wave”
● Heel/Toe Raises
● Count Backwards from 50
● Distraction
● Quick flicks
● Avoid Going “Just in case”
www.medbridge.com
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Managing Nocturia ● Fluid Management
○ Limit Fluid to 2-3 hours before bedtime
○ Fluids during the day
● Elevate Legs
● Compression stockings during the day
● Practice diaphragmatic breathing to calm the urge
● 5-10 PFM contractions
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Electrical Stimulation “Calm the Bladder”
Posterior Tibial Nerve
Intravaginal
Sacral Nerve
“There is promising evidence for the efficacy of a transcutaneous stimulation
approach for the treatment of OAB” -Slovaka et al. 2015
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Electrical Stimulation ● Non invasive
● Low Cost
● Easy to use
● Patients can use it in their homes
● Parameters: (to calm the bladder) ○ Frequency: 10-20 Hz
○ 10s on 10 seconds off,
○ Duration:200-300µs
○ Intensity: Strong but comfortable
○ 5-7 days a week 30 minutes a day
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Pelvic Floor Muscle Training is EVIDENCED BASED!
● ACP recommends first-line treatment with pelvic floor muscle training in
women with stress UI. (Grade: strong recommendation, high-quality
evidence)
● ACP recommends bladder training in women with urgency UI. (Grade: strong
recommendation, moderate-quality evidence)
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AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS RECOMMENDED
“ACP recommends against treatment with systemic
pharmacologic therapy for stress UI”
“ACP recommends pharmacologic treatment in women with
urgency UI if bladder training was unsuccessful”
Clinical Practice Guideline-2014
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While I Have Your Attention…...There are approximately 4 million births/yr in the US
2.7 million are vaginal…
54,000-89,000 grade 3-4 Perineal Tearing……..
What if 80,000 people with a full ACL thickness tear didn’t get rehab and were
told: “You’ll be fine, and by the way: here’s a newborn to care for…..See you in 6
Weeks.”
@thedowntheredoc
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Additional Resources https://www.homehealthsection.org/assets/docs/IncontToolkitLnkd_11-17.pdf
https://www.pelvicsanity.com/single-post/Screening
https://aptapelvichealth.org
https://hermanwallace.com/
https://pelvicguru.com/
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References 1. Neville, C. Bladder Control Problems in Elders-Assessment and Treatment Strategies for All Rehabilitation Clinicians—
Clinical Commentary. Topics in GeriatricRehabilitation:2016;32(4):231-250
2. Pahwa AK, Andy UU, Newman DK, Stambakio H, Schmitz KH, Arya LA. Noctural Enuresis as a Risk Factor for Falls in
Older Community Dwelling Women with Urinary Incontinence. J Urol. 2016;195(5):1512–1516.
3. Wu J, et al. Prevalence and Trends of Symptomatic Pelvic Floor Disorders in U.S. Women Pelvic floor awareness and
the positive effect of verbal instructions in 958 women early postdelivery. Int Urogynecol J 2015;26, 223–228.
4. Wald A. Neuromuscular Physiology of the Pelvic Floor in Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract (Fifth Edition), 2012
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5. Sakakibara R, Tsunoyama K, Hosoi H, et al. Influence of Body Position on Defecation in Humans. Low Urin Tract
Symptoms. 2010;2(1):16–21. doi:10.1111/j.1757-5672.2009.00057.x
6. Goodman C, Snyder T. Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. Saunders, 2012
7. Park H, Han D. The effect of the correlation between the contraction of the pelvic floor muscles and diaphragmatic
motion during breathing. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(7):2113–2115. doi:10.1589/jpts.27.2113
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8. Abrams,P, Cardozo, L, Wagg, A, Wein, A. (Eds) Incontinence 6th Edition (2017). ICI-ICS. International Continence Society, Bristol UK,
ISBN: 978-0956960733.
9. Garcia-Sanchez E et al. What Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Load is Optimal in Minimizing Urine Loss in Women with Stress Urinary
Incontinence? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Int J Environ ResPublic Health 2019 Nov 8;16(22). pii: E4358. doi:
10.3390/ijerph16224358
10. de Andrade RL, Bø K, Antonio FI, Driusso P, Mateus-Vasconcelos ECL, Ramos S, Julio MP, Ferreira CHJ. An education program
about pelvic floor muscles improved women's knowledge but not pelvic floor muscle function, urinary incontinence or sexual function: a
randomised trial. J Physiother. 2018 Apr;64(2):91-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2018.02.010. Epub 2018 Mar 21.
11. Allon EF, The role of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor muscles. Br J Nurs 2019 Aug
8;28(15):968-974. doi: 10.12968/bjon.2019.28.15.968
12. Amir Qaseem, MD, PhD, MHA; Paul Dallas, MD., et al. Nonsurgical Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Clinical
Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. AnnIntern Med. 2014;161:429-440. doi:10.7326/M13-2410
13. Woodley SJ, Boyle R, Cody JD, Mørkved S, Hay‐Smith EJC. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary
and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 12. Art. No.:
CD007471. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007471.pub3.