what will you learn? · when enzyme, dna polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
What will you learn?
DNA Replication
PLO It is expected that students
will…
B5 describe DNA replication
B6 describe recombinant DNA
![Page 2: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
DNA is composed of units called NUCLEOTIDES, which are composed of three
sub-molecules:
1. Pentose Sugar (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate
3. Nitrogen Base (purine or pyrimidine)
![Page 3: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
DNA Structure
p. 508
![Page 4: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
DNA
Functions:
• stores genetic information and copies itself (replication) to pass on the information
• contains genes (instructions to make proteins)
• DNA instructs cell’s activities
![Page 5: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Complimentary Base Pairing
PU
RIN
ES
= A
& G
PY
RIM
IDIN
ES
= T
& C
![Page 6: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Nucleotide Bases (Only copy chart, not structures)
PURINES PYRIMIDINES
Double N-ring Single N-ring
A & G C & T/U
# of purines always equals the number of pyrimidines
![Page 7: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
DNA is composed of two
complimentary strands of nucleotides
joined by hydrogen bonds:
Adenine with Thymine (A-T or T-A)
They join with 2 hydrogen bonds
Cytosine with Guanine (C-G or G-C)
They join with 3 hydrogen bonds
DNA twists into a double helix
![Page 8: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_dna_coiling.htm
![Page 9: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
DNA Structure
Chromatin = DNA
strand + proteins
wrapped abound the
DNA
Chromosome =
condensed
chromatin
![Page 10: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hierarchy of
DNA
Genome
full set of genetic information within a species
Chromosomes
condensed, coiled chromatin
Chromatin
DNA strand proteins (histones)
DNA
polymer of nucleotides
Nucleotide
sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base
A gene is a section
of a chromosome
that codes for a
protein
![Page 11: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Chromosomal
structure
![Page 12: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cell Cycle
![Page 13: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DNA Replication
• Before cells divide, a
complete copy of their
DNA (DNA replication)
must be made
• Occurs in the nucleus
![Page 15: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Steps of DNA Replication http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU
Step 1: Unzipping
– DNA strand unwinds
– helicase (enzyme) breaks H-bonds
between N-bases →→ “unzipping”
![Page 16: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Steps of DNA Replication
Step 2. Complementary base pairing
– DNA nucleotides move into position to
bond with their partners on the DNA
strands (“the templates” or “the parent
strands”)
![Page 18: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Step 3: Joining of adjacent nucleotides
– 2 new sugar-phosphate backbone forms
when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms
covalent bonds between new nucleotides.
End up with 2 identical DNA strands which
are semi-conservative (composed the
original “parent” and a new “daughter”
strand)
FYI: DNA replication occurs about 100 nucleotides per sec
![Page 19: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Semi-conservative
![Page 20: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Step 4: Proof reading
– DNA polymerase also checks for mistakes
(mutations)
![Page 21: What will you learn? · when enzyme, DNA polymerase, forms covalent bonds between new nucleotides. End up with 2 identical DNA strands which are semi-conservative (composed the original](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050311/5f73429cdd46c674ef4068bf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Huh?
• Watch this....
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/dl/free/0072421975/196646/l
w09_dna_replication_final.html