WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW FOR THE UNIT A EXAM

Everything in these review slides is on the test!!

YOUR EXAM INCLUDES:

50 multiple choice

2 short answer

ADAPTED EXAMS

34 multiple choice

WHAT YOU SHOULD REVIEW

Definition of biotic and abiotic, and examples of both.

ABIOTIC:

Non-living components of an ecosystem Air, water, rocks, soil, etc.

BIOTIC:

Living components of an ecosystem Plants, animals, insects, etc.

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIVERSITY AMONG AND BETWEEN SPECIES.

Diversity within ecosystems: difference between a population and community.

POPULATION

All the members of the same species living in an ecosystem.

COMMUNITY

All the members of all the different species living in an ecosystem.

DIVERSITY WITHIN SPECIES

Genetic diversity is variation (difference) within a species.

INCLUDES CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS:

Hair Colour Eye Colour Fur Colour Blood Type Height Weight

CLASSIFYING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

The system of classifying organisms named after Carolus Linnaeus, is ordered (arranged) from general classification to the very specific.

For example, organisms in the same kingdom are less similar than organisms in the same family.

KNOW THE ORDER OF CLASSIFICATION:

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

Mnemonic: King Philip Cut Open Five Green Snakes… or whatever works for you!

SPECIFIC SPECIES ARE CLASSIFIED…

According to how similar they are in _______________?

Structure!!!!!!!!

In previous systems, organisms in the same environment were classified together, even if their appearance was very different.

Know where the richest and most diverse collections of species can be found.

Where? Hint… Consider things like temp/amount of resources, etc.

Reread page 15 in text if you are not sure.

KNOW THE 3 TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS

Symbiosis is a type of interdependence between organisms (page 16/17 or in notes)

Commensalism? Examples & definition?

Mutualism? Examples & definition?

Parasitism? Examples & definition?

DEFINITION OF A NICHE…

An organism’s role in the ecosystem.

What does a niche include? Check notes or text.

Understand what a niche is.

VARIATION WITHIN A SPECIES

Can be positive or negative… can help or hurt a species’ adaptation to a change in the environment.

THINK OF/COMPARE:

A SPECIES IS MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE…

When there is (more or less) variation?

MORE!!!!!

Greater variation helps species survive changes to the environment/ecosystem.

SOME CHANGES…

Can be too great to survive, even if there is great genetic diversity.

INHERITED TRAITS OR CHARACTERISTICS

Are traits and/or characteristics that are passed from generation to generation.

Review the difference between discrete and continuous variation.

Which one is either/or Which one describes a “range” of

characteristics or traits?

DISCRETE VARIATION

Either/or variation

Your eyes are either blue, or they are not. Your blood type is either o+, or it’s not. Etc.

Your ear lobes are either attached, or they are not.

You are either double jointed, or you are not.

CONTINUOUS VARIATION

Characteristic or trait exhibits a wide range of forms.

ALL OF THESE TRAITS CAN BE INHERITED:

Discrete Continuous Dominant Recessive

Traits can also be affected by the environment, like a plant grown in a dark room will not be as big as one grown in sunlight (cannot be inherited) and traits can be acquired during your lifetime, like the ability to play the piano or to play soccer. (Acquired traits cannot be inherited).

Asexual reproduction: Exact genetic copy of the one parent; quicker, uses less energy.

Sexual reproduction: A mix of genetics (DNA) from both of the two parents; results in greater diversity and requires more energy.

REVIEW THESE IN TEXT OR IN NOTES

Binary Fission: one-celled organism (bacteria & some amoebas and algae)

Budding: animals such as a hydra & yeast Spore Production: many fungi, green algae &

some molds, non-flowering plants such as ferns.

Vegetative Reproduction: cuttings, runners, tubers, bulbs, suckers.

These are all examples of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION!

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN…

Zygote: cell created by joining of 2 gametes

Embryos: multicellular life form that results after continued cell division (after cleavage).

Gametes: male (sperm) and female (egg/ova) specialized sex cells.

UNTIL THE LATE 1600S

And the invention of the microscope, scientists hypothesized that the human child was the product of only the male parent.

They thought that the human sperm held a fully formed tiny fetus that grew in size for 9 months until it was large enough to be born,

IN PLANTS: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CROSS-POLLINATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION

Cross-pollination: when the pollen of one plant is carried to the stigma of another by wind, water, or animals.

CROSS-FERTILIZATION:

When a grain of this pollen produces a long tube that eventually grows down the style into the ovary that contains the ovules; a gamete in the pollen grains and a gamete in the ovule join and, as in animals, a zygote is formed. This is when one plant fertilizes another plant.

KNOW WHAT THE SEX CELLS OF FLOWERS ARE CALLED…

Pollen contains the male gametes of a plant. Pollen is found on the stamen, or male part, of the plant. Ovules contain the female gametes of a plant. Ovules are found in the pistil, or female part of the plant.

YOU WILL BE ASKED FOR EXAMPLES OF…

Plants and animals that can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Pages 35 & 36 of your text if you forget.

YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW (3.0 IN TEXT)

What is the genetic code? The arrangement of the 4 chemical letters into “words” or instructions… how traits/characteristics are passed along between parents and offspring.

What does the “double helix” mean?

Know what A, T, G & C are short for.

DOUBLE HELIX

adenine (A) and guanine (G)

cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

KNOW THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN…

Genes: single, uninterrupted segments of DNA which contain coded instructions; located on chromosomes.

CHROMOSOMES:

DNA that has been arranged into packages. Contains A LOT of information.

ALLELES:

Possible forms of genes; most genes in most species exist in an array (many) of possible forms that differ as to their exact DNA sequence.

E.g. Alleles for eye colour

MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS WILL BE ON THE EXAM

Page 46 & Chart page 47 in text.

MITOSIS

In multicellular organisms, such as humans, petunias, and gophers, the process that produces two new cells with the same number of chromosomes is called mitosis.

MITOSIS

Occurs in the body cells of multicellular organisms and is responsible for the growth and cellular repair of a multicellular organism.

MITOSIS

MEIOSIS

Is a type of cell division that produces cells with only half the DNA of a normal cell.

Because each gamete has only half the DNA of a normal cell, when the male and female gametes unite, the zygote has a complete set of DNA

MEIOSIS INVOLVES TWO CELL DIVISIONS, NOT JUST ONE.

COMPARE!! KNOW THE DIFFERENCES!

HYBRID VS PUREBRED

A breeder who wishes to produce white cats should choose purebred parents: cats whose ancestors have produces only white offspring for several generations.

Same thing if they wanted to produce only black cats.

Hybrids (carry the allele for white or black coats, even if they look exactly like a purebred cat); remember our discussion of dominant and recessive traits; page 50/51 in text.

REDUCTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY BY HUMAN ACTIVITY:

Includes:

Urbanization Agriculture Forestry

WOODLAND CARIBOU

Currently at risk of being extirpated from the boreal forests of northern Alberta because of habitat degradation resulting from logging, forest fires, and increased interspecies competition.

Know the difference between extinction & extirpation, page 58 text , or in your notes.

BIOTECHNOLOGY- ARTIFICIAL SELECTION OF DESIRED TRAITS

Review and know the difference between: Cloning Artificial Insemination In Vitro Fertilization Genetic Engineering

In your text pages 66-68, or in your notes online.

BE AWARE OF RISKS OF CLONING AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Cattle cloners have reported lots of examples of unsuccessful pregnancies, birth defects, and deaths among clones.

Some scientists believe that removing the nucleus from the donor egg may be responsible.

Dolly the cloned sheep has developed arthritis, for example, and scientists don’t know why.

REMEMBER HOW WE TALKED ABOUT HOW GENETICALLY ENGINEERING FOOD…

Can have both negative and positive consequences.

The chick whose breast has been so enlarged it can’t stand.

Swiss scientists have genetically engineered a strain (type) of rice that contains Vitamin A- usually rice does not contain Vitamin A… Called “golden rice”, but some people are concerned it might open the door to more genetically modified food.

HOW DO HUMANS AFFECT BIODIVERSITY?

Know these strategies to preserve important habitats/conserve biological diversity: In-situ conservation, Ex-situ conservation, national parks, and wild animal farms and shelters.

STRATEGIES TO CONSERVE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY INCLUDE:

Protected Areas (e.g. National Parks) Restoration of Ecosystems and Species

(Working to bring them back to the way they once were before land was polluted or used for other purposes/restoring populations)

Resource use Policies (Federal and Provincial Governments have laws to protect endangered species)

Controlling the Spread of Exotic Species (Bringing species into a new environment can have disastrous consequences for the native ecosystem.)

EXAMPLES OF NON NATIVE SPECIES TAKING OVER AND ECOSYSTEM:

Purple Loosestrife (herbaceous wetland perennial introduced into Canada from Europe in 1800s)

PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE:

Invades native wetland communities by germinating and growing faster than any wetland species.

Has no natural enemies (no bird, mammal or fish feeds on it or uses it for shelter).

Reduces the size and diversity of natural plant communities and has been designated as a noxious (harmful) weed by Alberta.

PURGE THE SPURGE:

In 1992, Friends of Fish Creek, a non-profit organization, formed to assist in the protection and preservation of Fish Creek Park in Calgary.

Every July volunteers gather to hand pull leafy spurge, a non-native noxious weed which threatens to take over the park and destroy wildlife habitat.

SPECIES AT RISK:

Identification of species at risk in Canada is made by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife of Canada (COSEWIC)

IN-SITU CONSERVATION

Maintenance of wild organisms in their functioning ecosystems allowing the ecological processes of an area to continue undisturbed.

Can be areas protected by government/government programs, with help from charities (The Nature Conservancy of Canada, Ducks Unlimitted), not-for profit organizations, volunteers, private land owners.

EXAMPLES: BANFF & JASPER NATIONAL PARKS

EX-SITU CONSERVATION

Conservation of components of biological diversity outside of a natural habitat.

E.g. A zoo or collection of genetic materials

ARTIFICIAL VS NATURAL SELECTION

In one the environment (nature) selects for successful traits/characteristics that help organisms survive in their ecosystem (Natural Selection- slow process), and in the other humans select the characteristics breeders want passed on (Artificial Selection- humans can speed up the process through the use of technology).

GENETIC ENGINEERING

Remember… genetic engineering has allowed scientists to directly alter the DNA of an organism.

Many genetic engineering techniques involve inserting a gene from one species into another.

Scientists can insert disease resistant genes, or even genes for nutrition, such as inserting vitamin A into certain rice strains.

SPECIES AT RISK

The Endangered Species Conservation Committee (ESCC) was created by the federal government under the Wildlife Act of 1998 to study and determine species at risk in Alberta.

What are groups/organizations that try and affect policy outside of governments called? NGO’s. Non-Government Organizations.

READ OVER YOUR PRINTED REVIEW PACKAGE

Review specific examples used in class, like the cliff sparrow and how they relate to natural selection (page 24 in text, or in PowerPoint notes online). Cliff sparrow question is on your test!

REMEMBER PICK THE BEST ANSWER WHEN 2 ANSWERS SEEM RIGHT.

Remember… Variations caused by the environment ARE NOT heritable. They are not passed on to offspring.

Think of the plant grown in dim light example.

An offspring would only be similar to a its parent grown in dim light if the offspring was grown in dim light too.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS: THESE ARE THEM!

In a short paragraph, summarize how variety among species and within species contributes to a species survival and increases biological diversity on Earth (5 marks).

As a society, how should we make decisions about the uses of technology such as genetic engineering and cloning? (3 marks)