Roger  Leakey  Interna.onal  Tree  Founda.on  and  ICRAF  

www.interna.onaltreefounda.on.org  www.worldagroforestrycentre.org  

What’s  cooking  on  farms?  Domes.ca.on  of  indigenous  fruit  trees  for  sustainable  

intensifica.on  Tree-­‐enriched  farms  diversified  and  intensified      

Tradi2onally  and  culturally  important    tree  species  (foods/medicines)    cul2vated  and  domes2cated    for  social    and  economic  benefits  (value-­‐adding,    processing  and  trade)  

CBD  COP  11  17  Oct  2012  

Domes.ca.on  of  Agroforestry  Trees  in  Cameroon  

Dacryodes edulis

50  CFA  

250  CFA  

50  CFA  

200  CFA  

200  CFA  

100  CFA  200  CFA  100  CFA  

100  CFA  

100  CFA  

200  CFA  

25  CFA  

100  CFA  

100  CFA  

0

50

100

150

200

Individual trees

Mas

s (g

)

Kernel massShell massFlesh mass

Quan.fica.on  of  Important  Traits  

%a-santalol

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

% a

-san

talo

l

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85

Individual trees

Mas

s (m

g)

stearine (mg) oleine (mg)

Fruit  morphology   Medicinal  proper2es  

Essen2al  oils   Edible  oils  and  faGy  acids  

Nutri.onal  benefits  of  indigenous  fruits  

Species Dacroydes edulis fruit (88% dm)

Irvingia gabonensis kernels (88% dm)

Maize grain (86% dm)

Rice grain

Cassava tuber (30-35%dm)

Carbohydrates 14 26-39 66-76 46-59 24-31

Fats/oils 32 51-72 2-6 1-2 <1

Protein 26 7.4 5-14 4-8 1

Fibre 18 1 1-3 1-4 1-2

Data  on  micronutrients,  faGy  acids,  etc.  in  Leakey  1999,    Food  Chemistry  64,  1-­‐14.    

Tree-­‐to-­‐tree  varia.on  in  Vitamin  E  and    an.-­‐nutrient  contents    Figure 10. Tocopherol content of Canarium indicum kernels from individual trees in East

New Britain, Papua New Guinea

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Rabaul3

DoY 3 DoY 2 Pomio2

Pomio1

Rabaul7

Rabaul1

Rabaul5

Rabaul4

DoY 7 Rabaul6

DoY 8 Rabaul2

Rabaul8

DoY 5 DoY 6 DoY 1 DoY 4

Toc

oph

erol

mg

per

g

alpha tocopherol beta tocopherol delta tocopherol gamma tocopherol

Canarium  indicum  (Galip  nut)  in  Papua  New  Guinea  

Figure 12. Antioxidant and Phenolic content of Canarium indicum kernels from individual trees in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Individual trees

Con

tent

Antioxidant capacity Phenolic content

Antioxidant in mg ascorbate equivalents per gPhenolics in mg catechin equivalents per g

Cycle  of  Land  Degrada.on  and  Social  Depriva.on      

CGIAR Research Program CRP1.1 Dryland Systems

POVERTY

LAND DEGRADATION

To address the problem we must resolve both

issues at the same time

Loss  of  crop  yield  

Filling  the  Yield  Gap  

Solution Step 2+3 Step 1

Yield Gap Solution

Cro

p yi

eld

(to

nnes

per

hec

tare

)

Step 1: Restore soil fertility using leguminous trees that fix nitrogen

Filling  the  ‘Yield  Gap’

This also partially restores the ecological health of soils

Yields can be raised from <1 tonne/hectare to around 4-5 tonnes per hectare

1

2

1

2

   Par.cipatory  Tree  Domes.ca.on  

Filling  the  ‘Yield  Gap’ Step 2. Integrating traditionally important trees on-farm

Par.cipatory  tree  domes.ca.on  Process  •  PRA  for  priority  seTng  •  Capacity  building  /  mentoring  in  communi2es  (hor2cultural  skills,  nursery  

management,  agroforestry  prac2ces,  community  development,  use  of  microfinance,  business  development)  

•  Support  for  village  tree  nurseries    •  Farmers  drive  their  own  ini2a2ves        •  Benefit  flows  direct  to  farmers  •  Community  empowerment    Urgent  needs  •  BeGer  IPR  protec2on  of  farmer  developed  varie2es/cul2vars  •  BeGer  compliance  with  Access  &  Benefit  sharing  agreements  to  protect  

commercial  innova2ons  

Commercializa.on  of  AFTPs  –    A  vital  business  ini.a.ve  for  reduc.on  of  poverty  in  

Africa  

From  tradi.onal  markets  ……………….  to…………….…  new  business    

Filling  the  ‘Yield  Gap’ Step 3. Commercialization, value addition and trade

Filling  the  ‘Yield  Gap’  Step 3. Commercialization, value addition and trade (2)  

Stall-­‐fed  tree  fodder  (Embu  Kenya)  from  400m  hedge  of  Calliandra  calothyrsus  could  produce  enough  feed  for  two  cows  (90  kg  per  day)  in  the  dry  season  (3  months).  This  raised  the  milk  yield  by  over  300  litres  (=  3  kg  of  homegrown  tree  fodder  was  equivalent  to  1  kg  of  purchased  dairy  ‘concentrate’).    

STEP 3

Income

Improved nutrition

and health

STEP 1

STEP 2

Higher crop yields and some food

security

Improved tree products

Product processing. Value-adding. Market chain development.

Employment.

Entrepreneurism.

Trade.

Income

Empowerment

Gender equity

Education Improved

infrastructure

Diversified agroecosystem

Food security and domestic self sufficiency

A  Generic  Model  of  Agroforestry  –  Highly  adaptable  1.  Rehabilita2on    (BNF:  Improved  fallows,  intercropping,  Evergreen  Agriculture,  

etc.)    

2.  Domes2ca2on  (Diversifica2on  and  intensifica2on)            3.  Commercializa2on  (Value-­‐adding  and  trade)  

Delivery  of  Mul2func2onal  Agriculture  

Mul.func.onal  Agriculture  

RRC’s  

$  (Cameroon  -­‐  485  villages  /  7100  Farmers  +  Entrepreneurs,  Traders,  Microfinance)  

Tree  Domes.ca.on  is  Transforming    People’s  Lives  

Agroforestry has

improved our lives

My kids are eating fruits

and veg

I’ve improved my house and

built a well

My family are healthier and going to

school

I’m buying fertilizers

and have a cow I’ve decided

to be a nursery

man and stay in my

village

I’m processing and trading

AFTPs

by  Roger  RB  Leakey  

Living with the Trees of Life

 

Towards  the    Transforma.on      

of    Tropical    

Agriculture  

www.rogerleakey.com  rogerleakey@b2nternet.com    hGp://bookshop.cabi.org  www.cabi.org  Published  by  CABI  (2012)  

“.…  a  very  engaging  read….”