8th Grade Full Year Study GuideName: __________________________________________________________________________________

(Georgia Government and Courts are 184- 235)

1. Georgia’s region South, Southeast

2. Georgia’s nation United States, United States of America

3. Georgia’s continent North America

4. Georgia’s hemispheres Western Hemisphere because it is west of the Prime Meridian, Northern Hemisphere because it is north of the equator

5. Blue Ridge region Region in northeastern part of state, contains state’s highest and largest group of mountains, Brasstown Bald, Georgia highest mountain (4,786 feet above sea level) is located here, region provides much precipitation (water) for the state , hardwood forests, vegetable farming, and apples

6. Valley and Ridge region Region between Blue Ridge Mountains and Appalachian Plateau , low open valleys parallel to narrow ridges, elevations ranges from 700 to 1600 feet above sea level, forests and pastures dominate the region

7. Appalachian Plateau Georgia’s smallest physiographic region , located in the Northwestern part of the state., many limestone caves, deep canyons, rock formations, Cumberland Plateau, Lookout Mountain, Sand Mountain

8. Piedmont region Begins in mountain foothills and goes to state’s central part, states most populated region, states most populous region, contains many of the large cities of Georgia (Atlanta, Augusta, Athens) and most of the state’s population, hardwood timber, pine, and agriculture, red clay, rich red soil, red fertile soil.

9. Coastal Plain Largest land region, biggest land region, three-fifths of state (60%), dived into inner and outer, state’s major agriculture region, rich soil for peanuts, pecans, corn, low-lying freshwater wetlands (including the Okefenokee Swamp), barrier islands

10. Fall Line creates the border between the Piedmont region and the Coastal Plains, along the line rivers fall from the elevation in the Piedmont and into the Coastal Plains region, waterfalls, Augusta to Columbus.

11. Okefenokee Swamp is in the southern part of Georgia, Coastal Plains, Named for the Seminole Indian word which means “land of the trembling Earth”, largest freshwater wetland in North America

12. Appalachian Mountains located in the northern part of the state, located in the Blue Ridge, Appalachian Plateau, and Appalachian Ridge and Valley regions, an early barrier to settlers moving west, contains Brasstown Bald, very large mountain range which runs over 1,500 miles from eastern Canada to central Alabama

13. Chattahoochee River the partial boundary and border between Alabama and Georgia, provides drinking water for Atlanta and Columbus, used to power mills and hydroelectric plants

14. Savannah River the boundary and border between Georgia and South Carolina, runs past Augusta and Savannah, the shipping channel for the Port of Savannah one of the United

States busiest ports for ships around the world, provides drinking water for Augusta and Savannah

15. barrier islands protects mainland Georgia from erosion, located in the Coastal Plain, once home to Spanish missions, 100 miles of beaches, a major tourist attraction, contains Tybee, Jekyll, and Saint Simons Islands.

16. Paleo 10,000 BC to 8,000 BC, from Greek, “Very Old”, Old Stone Age. Most tools and spear points made of stone, “atlatl”, Nomadic (roaming) hunters

17. Archaic 8000 BC to 1000 BC, from Greek means “Old”, migrated to find food, planted crops, lived in semi-permanent shelters (huts made of sticks and other natural materials) arranged in small villages.

18. Woodland 1000 BC to AD 1000, continued to seasonally migrate for food, lived in tribal villages, tribes would live and work together, farmed, built and lived in domed-shaped huts using trees and other natural materials, used bow and arrow.

19. Mississippian AD 700 to AD 1600, lived in tribes and lived in permanent shelters and villages, formed larger nations, farmers, would grow and/or harvest most of what they would eat, dedicate to the arts, built burial mounds and religious centers for religious ceremonies and priests/chiefs, first to meet Europeans.

20. Spanish missions Spanish, were established on Georgia barrier islands including Cumberland, St. Simons, and Sapelo Islands, established hoping to convert the Indians to their Catholic religion, established to covert Indians to Catholicism, Guale

21. Hernando DeSoto 1540, Spanish explorer, first to Georgia,

22. French interests in North America began sending explorers to North America (New World) in 1562 in search of gold, fur, and a route to Asia.

23. Spanish interests in North America began sending explorers to North America (New World) for God, glory, and gold

24. British interests in North America began sending explorers to the New World in the 1580’s in search of exotic foods, wealth (gold), and mercantilism.

25. James Oglethorpe founder of Georgia, father of Georgia, founded Savannah, founded Georgia as a debtor colony, friend died in debtor prison in Great Britain, founded Georgia for mercantilism, founded Georgia for raw materials and land, founded Georgia as a buffer colony, founded Georgia to protect Carolina from Spanish threat

26. Charter of 1732 signed by King George II, gave Trustees the right to settle Georgia, put James Oglethorpe in charge of Georgia, founded Georgia, setup the rules for the Trustee Period

27. Reasons for settlement in Georgia…charity place for debtors, colony for debtors, colony place for poor but worthy

28. Reasons for settlement in Georgia…economics raw materials, land, mercantilism, timber,

29. Reasons for settlement in Georgia…defense buffer colony, protect Carolina from Florida

30. Tomochichi Yamacraw Chief, friend of Oglethorpe, helped keep peace between tribe and settlers

32. Mary Musgrove interpreter, interpreter between Oglethorpe and Tomochichi

33. Savannah founded by Oglethorpe, located on Yamacraw Bluff on Savannah River, Georgia’s first city, Georgia’s first capital, Georgia’s oldest city, location of bloody American loss in Revolutionary War

34. Trustee Period no slaves, no blacks, no Catholics, no large land ownership, no selling of land, led by James Oglethorpe, led by 21 men under the Charter of 1732, ended with the Royal Period, 1732-1754

35. Salzburgers Austrians, Austrian-Lutherans, kicked out of Austria by Catholics, came to Georgia for religious freedom, silk makers, mulberry trees, Ebenezer, New Ebenezer

36. Highland Scots warriors, fighters, Darien, malcontents, didn’t agree with Trustees, wanted slavery, wanted alcohol, wanted large land ownership

37. malcontents wanted to end the Trustee Period, didn’t agree with Trustees, wanted slavery, wanted alcohol, wanted large land ownership, discontent, didn’t agree with Oglethorpe, wanted Royal control of Georgia

38. Spanish threat from Florida The Battle of Bloody Marsh marked the end of the Spanish threat in Georgia, Spanish attacks from St. Augustine, James Oglethorpe led the English to victory over Spain in Battle of Bloody Marsh.

39. Royal colony land ownership large land ownership legal, land could be bought and sold, land bought and plantations built, large land bought to grow rice, tobacco, cotton and indigo

40. Royal colony slavery Georgia’s main labor source, Georgia’s major labor force, forced to work their entire lives, most common in the Southern colonies, forced to work from sun up to sun down, forced to work in all conditions.

41. Royal colony government King picked Royal governors, Georgia’s citizens picked council to work with Royal governors

42. Royal governors John Reynolds, Henry Ellis, James Wright, under Wright, Georgia became prosperous and slave population exploded.

43.American Revolution Americans versus Great Britain, Americans versus England, patriots versus loyalists, fought for American independence, fought to free America from King George II, fought for American freedom, 1775-1783, first battle was Lexington and Concord, last battle was Yorktown, Virginia, Americans won, Great Britain lost, France helped the Americans, patriots won, loyalists lost, American colonists fought against the British.

44. French and Indian War (Seven Years War) France versus Great Britain, fought over land west of the Appalachian Mountains, Indians supported France, war where Indians fought British because Indians thought British would take their lands, France lost, Great Britain won, British won, French lost, Spain helped France, France gave all land west of the Appalachian mountains to the British, Spain gave Florida to the British, Treaty of Paris ended War,

45. Proclamation of 1763 law made it illegal for colonists to move west of the Appalachian Mountains, The British were hoping the law would help them maintain good

relations with the Native Americans who were living west of the Appalachian Mountains, the law angered many colonists who were planning on moving to the fertile farmland west of the Appalachian Mountains, many colonists simply chose to ignore the law, the law resulted in a number of attacks by Native Americans on the settlers because Native Americans were afraid their land would be taken away.

46. Stamp Act British Parliament passed in 1765 to raise revenue to pay for French and Indian War, a tax on paper goods, colonists had to pay a tax on all official documents, newspapers, and pamphlets.

47. Intolerable Acts Punishment for the Boston Tea Party, Boston Port closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea they had destroyed in the Boston Tea Party, Administration of Justice Act allowed British officials charged with crimes to have their trials moved from Massachusetts to another colony or to Great Britain, Massachusetts Government Act put the government of Massachusetts under the control of the royal governor, and the colonial legislature was no longer allowed to meet, and town meetings were limited to one per year, Quartering Act required the colonists to provide housing for British soldiers.

48. Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776, the document that announced the American colonies were free from British rule, states that the government is meant to protect the rights of the people, says that the government runs based on the consent of the people, says the people have the right to overthrow and change the government if it does not represent the people correctly, listed the problems the American colonists had with King George II like: placing heavy taxes on the Americans, not allowing representation in Parliament, creating unfair acts and laws, making colonists house British soldiers, sending colonists back to Britain, reminded the king that the colonists tried to ask him for help, he ignored their requests, so the colonies declared that all ties to Britain were cut.

49. Loyalists people who supported Great Britain, people who supported King George II, colonists who supported Great Britain, colonists who supported King George II, colonists who stayed loyal to the British.

50. patriots people who supported independence, people who did not support Great Britain, people who did not support King George II, colonists who did not support Great Britain, colonists who did not support King George II, colonists who supported independence, colonists who wanted to become an independent country, people who rebelled against British rule.

51. Elijah Clarke Georgia hero of the American Revolution, hero of the Battle of Kettle Creek, leader of the Georgia Militia, leader of Georgia Militia near Washington, Georgia, helped free Augusta, fought 11 battles or skirmishes in Georgia during the Revolutionary War.

52. Austin Dabney Georgia hero of the American Revolution, fought with distinction and was wounded at Kettle Creek, saved Elijah Clarke’s life during the Battle of Kettle Creek, the only slave at the Battle of Kettle Creek.

53. Nancy Hart Georgia hero of the American Revolution , single-handedly captured a group of British loyalists who bragged of murdering Americans.

54. Button Gwinnett Georgian delegate at the Second Continental Congress, signer of the Declaration of Independence.

55. Lyman Hall Georgian delegate at the Second Continental Congress, signer of the Declaration of Independence

56. George Walton Georgian delegate at the Second Continental Congress, signer of the Declaration of Independence, from Augusta

57. Battle of Kettle Creek (February 14, 1779) Colonel Elijah Clarke led Georgia militia and defeated 800 British troops near Washington, Georgia, Great victory for Georgians, Americans, and patriots, patriots won badly-needed weapons and horses from the British, Austin Dabney saved Elijah Clarke.

58. Siege of Savannah (September 16 - October18, 1779) Bloody Georgian battle, 15,000 Americans and 4,000 French attacked Savannah, attack on October 9 resulted in 1,000 American and French deaths in less than an hour, only 40 British troops died, Great Britain won, Americans lost badly.

59. Georgia Constitution of 1777 Georgia’s first government

60. Weaknesses of Georgia Constitution of 1777 governor had limited power, executive branch had limited power, weak governor, weak executive branch, strong legislature, powerful legislature, no checks or balances, no Catholics in government, single branch of legislature, unicameral (one branch of legislature), gave too much power to legislative branch

61. Check and Balances system in which different branches of government limit and correct each other

62. Articles of Confederation the first government of the United States, the first form of government in the United States, the first WEAK form of government of the United States, established to keep America from having a government like Great Britain, early version of Constitution, 1781-1789,

63. Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation states had all the power, weak central government, weak federal government, No Executive or Judicial Branch, no one to enforce laws or hear disputes, did not allow the central (federal) government to levy (impose) taxes, no “Checks and Balances”, central Government did not have taxes, so no military, central Government did not print money, each state had an equal vote in Congress – regardless of size or population, did not give central government enough power, did not give national government enough power, did not give United States enough power over the states.

64. Constitutional Convention of 1787 took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Fifty-five delegates from different states met from May 25 until September 17, 1787, delegates wanted to improve the Articles of Confederation, they ended up creating the U.S. Constitution, also called the Philadelphia Convention, Georgians William Few and Abraham Baldwin signed United States Constitution, large and small states argued over representation

65. United States Constitution the supreme law of the land of the United States, contains the laws of the United States, replaced the Articles of Confederation, establishes three branches of government, establishes the executive, legislative, and the judicial branches, contains the Bill of Rights, contains the rights of United States citizens, contains the rights of Americans, contains the framework for American rights and laws, set up a much stronger national government,

66. Bill of Rights is the name of the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, written to protect the rights of individual people, you can find these freedoms in the Constitution: freedom of religion, freedom of speech freedom of the press (to write what you want), right to assemble (gather in a group to protest), right to petition (tell the government if it is doing something wrong), the right to bear arms (keep guns for protection) , the right for an owner of a house from having to let soldiers spend the night for free , protects people

from unreasonable searches and seizures, protects people from double jeopardy (being tried in court twice for the same crime), having to witness against themselves ("taking the fifth"), losing life, liberty, or property without a legal action, such as a trial being punished for a capital (serious) crime without being charged by a Grand Jury, right to a speedy and public trial, right to know what crime he/she is charged with, right to have help from a lawyer, right to see the witnesses against him/her, the right to a trial with a jury, protects from cruel or unusual punishment

67. Abraham Baldwin Georgian who signed the United States Constitution, Georgian who was involved with the Great Compromise, the plan resolved the issue of how states would be represented in the legislature, large states liked the fact that the number of representatives in the House of Representatives would be based on population. The small states liked the fact that each state would have two senators in the Senate.

68. Great Compromise plan resolved the issue of how states would be represented in the legislature, large states liked the fact that the number of representatives in the House of Representatives would be based on population, small states liked the fact that each state would have two senators in the Senate.

69. William Few Georgian who signed the United States Constitution.

70. Why Georgia ratified the new constitution Georgians wanted land, Georgians wanted Indian land, Georgians wanted to take Indian land, Georgia needed protection from Indian attacks once they took Indian lands.

71. University of Georgia the first university established by a state government, chartered in 1785 as Umited States first land-grant university, built in 1801, built by governor John Milledge purchased land on the, UGA is located in Athens,

72. Louisville served as GA’s third capital city from 1796-1807, named for King Louis XVI.

73. Spread of Baptist and Methodist churches began to spread across Georgia as people moved west, became the centers for social and community life,

74. Yazoo land fraud 1795, four companies bribed the governor and legislators, bought millions of acres in western Georgia (today’s Alabama and Mississippi) for 1½¢ an acre, public found out and protested; the legislators involved were voted out of office, General Assembly (GA’s legislative branch) repealed the law approving the sale; the federal government paid more than $4 million to help Georgia settle Yazoo land claims

75. Headright system came out of the Yazoo Land Scandal, took Creek Indian land and separated it into sections, to be given out in a lottery, allowed only certain people to participate, persons entitled to draw in the 1805 Georgia Land Lottery were: Free white bachelor male; 21 years old or older; with 1-year residence in Georgia; U.S. Citizen, Free white married male; with wife and/or child; 1-year residence in Georgia; U.S. Citizen, Widow; with at least one child; 1-year residence in Georgia, Minor orphan (or family of orphans); with father dead and mother dead/remarried, Single women, Indians, and free blacks could not participate in the Land Lottery.

76. cotton gin invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, a machine for separating cotton seeds from its fiber, increased the amount cotton growers could process each day, used wire teeth on a turning cylinder to separate the seed from fiber, made cotton the cash crop of the South, caused a need for more slaves on plantations, more cotton was planted, plantations were established, slavery system expanded all over Georgia, state, made cotton the leading crop in the state, Georgia became one of the top cotton producers in the world.

77. railroads established to get cotton to market, established to get cotton to places to be sold, In 1834, workers built the Georgia Railroad from Athens to Augusta. Soon, other railroad branches crossed the state, contributing tremendously to economic growth. In 1860, there were more than 1,200 miles of railroads in Georgia, railroads established the town of Terminus (later called Atlanta), Atlanta would become center of railroads in South, helped Georgia’s citizens travel and trade much more efficiently (easier/faster to move people and goods).

78. Creeks Native Americans of who settled the majority of Georgia.

79. Cherokees Most advanced of Georgia’s tribes, learned quickly from white settlers, lived in large houses, learned Christianity, had their own alphabet, government modeled on that of United States; capital at New Echota by 1825, owned slaves

80. Alexander McGillivray led the Creek Indians during the American Revolution, went to a conference about American-Indian policy in 1790 at the invitation of George Washington and signed the Treaty of New York, which acknowledge that that the U.S. had sovereignty (control) over Creek territory.

81. William McIntosh Creek chief who fought against British in the War of 1812, fought along Andrew Jackson against the Seminole Indians, signed a treaty giving the Creek lands east of the Chattahoochee River to Georgia, later murdered by Creeks for signing the treaty

82. Sequoyah created a written language for the Cherokee, consisting of 85 characters, in 1821. Sequoyah taught thousands of Cherokee to read, developed an alphabet, a group of symbols that stand for whole syllables, invented a written form of their language

83. John Ross Cherokee chief who fought under Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812, signed a treaty giving Cherokee lands in Georgia to the U.S. and led his people on the Trail of Tears to present-day Oklahoma.

84. Dahlonega Gold Rush the first gold rush in the U.S, Dahlonega was a boomtown during the Georgia Gold Rush, was one of the main reasons for the Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears that forced the Cherokee to move to Oklahoma.

85. Worcester v. Georgia 1832 Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that Georgia did not have a constitutional right to force its laws on the Cherokee living within the state, Georgia ignored the court's ruling. President Jackson chose not to send federal troops to force Georgia into accepting the court's decision, case where Cherokee were a sovereign and free nation and should be allowed to rule themselves, case led to Trail of Tears

86. Andrew Jackson President of the United States from 1829-1837, nicknamed "Old Hickory" because of his toughness, put his friends into offices around him, signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830, forcing Native Americans in Georgia, moved Indians to present-day Oklahoma or other reservations out west.

87. John Marshall fourth Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, from 1801 to 1835, established that courts had power to strike down laws that violate the U.S. Constitution.

88. Trail of Tears Between 1832 and 1835, Cherokees were stripped of their land, winter of 1838, thousands of Cherokees were forcibly removed to Oklahoma; about 4,000 died from disease, exposure, or hunger , 700 to 800 escaped and hid in the North Carolina mountains, a 1,200 mile route from Georgia to present-day Oklahoma, trail was three separate routes that met and split apart at different spots, thousands of Cherokee died from starvation, exhaustion, and exposure to weather.

89. Civil War fought between the Union (the North) and the Confederacy (the South), went from 1861 to 1865, fought over the three S’s (slavery, states rights, and secession), started in April 1861 at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, ended on April 9, 1865 when Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, the South lost, the Confederacy lost, the North won, the Union won, Abraham Lincoln president of the North/Union, Jefferson Davis president of the South/Confederacy

90. slavery Practice of forcing a person, that was considered property, to work for you with no pay and with no rights. North wanted it abolished (done away with); South supported it

91. states’ rights states had more power than the national government, state’s interests take precedence over interests of national government

92. nullification states have a right to nullify, invalidate, or cancel, a law which that state viewed as unconstitutional.

93. Missouri Compromise In 1819, Missouri wanted to be admitted into the United States, free states did not want to admit Missouri as a slave state and change the balance of power in the government in favor of the slave states, in 1820, Henry Clay, a congressman of Kentucky, played a major role in getting Northerners and Southerners in Congress to agree on a compromise, Under the terms of the compromise, Missouri, a slave state, and Maine, a free state, were both admitted to the United States, kept the number of slave and free states equal, the compromise made slavery illegal in the Louisiana Territory north of Missouri's southern border.

94. Compromise of 1850 dealt with the issue of slavery in the territories that the U.S. acquired as a result of the Mexican War, Henry Clay proposed the idea that California would be admitted as a free state, and the territories of New Mexico and Utah would decide the issue of slavery by having the people who lived there to vote on whether or not slavery would be allowed.

95. Georgia Platform Statement from the Georgia Convention in response to the Compromise of 1850, supported by Northern states, stated that the Southern states would agree to follow the Compromise of 1850 as long as northern states would no longer attempt to take away rights from southern states.

96. Kansas-Nebraska Act created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and to let those territories decide on the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty, bill was favored by Southerners but opposed by Northerners, despite opposition, Congress passed the act and repealed part of the Missouri Compromise in the process, erased the Missouri Compromise, broke the peace created by the Compromise of 1850.

97. Dred Scott case Supreme Court ruling in 1857, a slave, Dred Scott filed suit after he lived in free states with his owner but was returned to slave state, court ruled that slaves were not citizens and could not file lawsuits, court also ruled that Congress could not stop slavery in the territories, case further separated the North and South.

98. Election of 1860 Abraham Lincoln wins the presidential election, and the South fears that Lincoln is a threat to the Southern way of life, Lincoln defeated Southern Democrat Breckinridge and Northern Democrat Douglas, Northern states favored a Republican candidate that would help to abolish slavery, Southern states favored candidates that supported States’ Rights, slavery, and secession.

99. The debate over secession in Georgia Georgians were, for the most part, for the Union, however, they were strongly for states’ rights and slavery, a Secession convention began in January 1861 in Milledgeville, the capital, secession ordinance (bill) passed by a vote of 208-89, in February, 1861; Georgia joined the Confederate States of America

100. Alexander Stephens served as a Representative in Congress from Georgia from 1843-1859, he spoke against southern secession, after the southern states seceded from the Union was elected as Vice President of the Confederate States of America (CSA) in 1861.

101. Causes of the Civil War the South wanted slavery, States’ Rights, and secession, the North did not want slavery, States’ Rights and secession.

102. Antietam (Sept. 17, 1862) battle that took place near Antietam Creek in Maryland, became the first major battle on Northern land, battle was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.

103. Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1, 1863) Lincoln declares all slaves in Confederate states are now free, Lincoln hoped slaves would escape and fight with the Union, the proclamation does not apply to slave states that remained loyal to the Union, effectively changes the goal of the war to ending slavery instead of just preserving the Union.

104. Gettysburg (July 1 - 3, 1863) the turning point of the Civil War, the Union won this battle, the Union would never lose another major battle during the Civil War, battle took place in Pennsylvania, Union leader Meade stops the Confederate invasion of Pennsylvania at Gettysburg.

105. Chickamauga (Sept. 19 - 20, 1863) Confederate Army, led by Tennessee General Braxton Bragg, fights the Union Army in south-central Tennessee and northwestern Georgia, near Chickamauga Creek, Confederate Army defeats the Union Army, temporarily stopping the Union from moving into Tennessee and Georgia.

106. Union blockade of Georgia’s coast the Union navy, Union ships, kept weapons and supplies from entering Georgia, blocked the ports on the coast of Georgia.

107. Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign Union General Sherman surrounded Atlanta and attacked, fighting continued during July and August 1864, citizens finally evacuated Atlanta on September 1, 1864, Sherman burns the city in mid-November, Sherman burned all but about 400 of Atlanta’s buildings (approximately 90% of Atlanta was burned/destroyed)

108. Sherman’s March to the Sea (November 15 - December 21, 1864) Union General Sherman captures Atlanta, Georgia for the Union army, Sherman captured Atlanta, Sherman led his army across the south to the Atlantic coast, Sherman's army sets fire to towns and destroys anything that might help the South's war effort, including crops, bridges, and railroad tracks, showed the South they could not win the war, Atlanta to Savannah

109. Andersonville Confederate prison, in southwest Georgia during Civil War, was overcrowded, offered poor food, contaminated water, and poor sanitation; 13,700 Union soldiers are buried there, Captain Henry Wirtz was the prison commander, Wirtz was later hanged for “excessive cruelty”, Andersonville is now home to the National Prisoner of War Museum

110. Reconstruction the period after the Civil War beginning in 1865 and lasting until 1877, the period after the Civil War where the North and the South were brought back

together again, the period after the Civil War where the United States was rebuilt, the period after the Civil War when the former Confederate states were brought back into the Union.

111. Freedmen’s Bureau Congress set up this bureau to assist FREED and former slaves, bureau set up schools for African Americans, helped set up farms at which the former slaves could work, provided medical supplies and legal help to FREED and former slaves

112. sharecropping a person who grew crops on land owned by someone else and gave the landlord (owner of the land) a share of the crop to pay for expenses, many sharecroppers were freed slaves who could not afford to buy their own land, some said this system was worse than slavery.

113. tenant farming similar to sharecroppers, except they may pay their rent in cash, some said this system was worse than slavery

114. 13th amendment abolished slavery in the United States, made slavery illegal in the U.S., passed in 1865.

115. 14th amendment gave citizenship and protection of civil liberties to all freed and former slaves in the U.S., was passed in 1866.

116. 15th amendment gave all male citizens the right to vote, outlawing voting discrimination with regards to race, color, or previous servitude, amendment did not give women the right to vote, was passed in 1869.

117. Henry McNeal Turner was one of the first black men elected in Georgia. 118. Black legislators election of 1867 was the first time African Americans in Georgia were able to vote, several African Americans were elected to Georgia’s General Assembly (Legislative Branch), African Americans elected to the General Assembly were expelled (kicked out of office) in 1868, whites said that civil rights laws gave blacks the right to vote but not to be elected to office.

119. Ku Klux Klan a group of white supremacists who wanted to keep white control of the South and did not want African Americans to vote or hold office they threatened African Americans with violence to keep them from voting, Secret organization – originally started as a social club for men returning from the war, members hid behind robes and masks, terrorized blacks to keep them from voting.

120. Bourbon Triumvirate Democrats controlled Georgia’s government after Reconstruction, they were Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon, their goals were: expand Georgia’s economy and ties with industries in the North; maintain the tradition of white power and supremacy.

121. Henry Grady New South, he was a speaker and newspaper editor, he described Georgia as a place which could have competitive industry and more efficient farming, he envisioned improved race relations in a “New South”

122. International Cotton Exposition was held in 1881, 1887, 1895, helped to show off the economic recovery of the South after Reconstruction, 1895 International Cotton Exposition had 800,000 visitors in three month, encouraged investments in southern businesses

123. Tom Watson famous Georgia populist, worked for Rural Free Delivery bill to deliver mail to rural areas for free

124. Populists The Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance, started out as social groups but began to reorganize to put pressure on lawmakers to find ways to help farmers, supported the rights of the “common” people in their struggle with the wealthy people, poor farmers and low wage workers were populists

125. Rebecca Latimer Felton worked to improve conditions for poor Georgians using newspapers to highlight problems in the state, later briefly served as the first female United States Senator for one day from November 21, 1922 until the next day).

126. 1906 Atlanta Riot Began as a result of racial tensions between white and black citizens of Atlanta, 1906, Hoke Smith (former publisher of the Atlanta Journal) and Clark Howell (editor of the Atlanta Constitution) were running for election as Georgia’s governor in 1906, both men used their influence in the media to try and take away voting rights for black citizens, newspapers began to publish stories about African American men attacking white women, rioting began on September 22nd and lasted until September 26th. United States Army eventually brought in to help end the riots, 21 people killed; hundreds of others wounded and large amounts of property were destroyed.

127. Leo Frank Case 1913, Jewish man accused of killing a 14-year-old employee, Mary Phagan in Atlanta, he was a Jewish man from New York, little evidence against him, but he was convicted and sentenced to death, Governor Slaton changed death sentence to life imprisonment, armed men, calling themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan, took him from the prison, and he was lynched, white supremacist group Ku Klux Klan reborn from the members of the Knights of Mary Phagan.

128. county unit system for each representative in the lower house of the assembly, the winner of the popular vote was awarded the unit vote for his or her county,

129. Jim Crow laws laws that separated blacks from whites, laws that segregated blacks from whites, laws allowed the legal segregation (separation) of African Americans and whites.

130. Plessy v. Ferguson an 1896 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that "separate but equal" was constitutional, the Court claimed that if accommodations really were equal, then they were not in violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, this court ruling was used to justify Jim Crow laws and other acts of segregation.

131. Disenfranchisement Rules created to keep African Americans in Georgia from voting, poll tax: a tax paid to vote, voters had to own property, voters had to pass a literacy test (which was determined by the poll worker and could be different for different people), gerrymandering: election districts drawn up to divide the African American voters.

132. Racial violence violence between blacks and whites, violence between African Americans and whites.

133. Booker T. Washington an African American leader who believed that blacks could achieve success through vocational training, started the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school in Alabama for African Americans, in 1881, wanted educated blacks to focus their energy on improving their local communities.

134. W. E. B. DuBois an African American leader, founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1905, he wanted to help talented, young black students by sending them to top universities, he thought that with a great education, these students would become leaders of the civil rights movement.

135. John and Lugenia Burns Hope John Hope was a Civil rights leader from Augusta, GA, President of Atlanta University believed that African Americans should actively work for equality, part of group that organized NAACP. Lugenia Hope, worked to improve sanitation, roads, healthcare and education for African American neighborhoods in Atlanta

136. Alonzo Herndon started barber business, in 1905 purchased Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company, managed it well, now one of the largest African American businesses in the US, worth over $200 million and operates in 17 states

137. World War I On June 28, 1914, an assassin gunned down Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary believed that Serbia's government was behind the assassination, when the fighting began the Allies, France, Russia, United States joined in 1917 and Great Britain backed Serbia. They opposed the Central Powers, made up of Austria-Hungary and Germany, Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity to declare war on Serbia and settle an old feud, President Wilson worked to keep the US out of the war, in 1915 German submarine sank passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 Americans, in 1917: sub attacks resumed sinking American cargo ships, Zimmerman telegram: Germany tried to get Mexico to attack the US, Allies won, Treaty of Versailles ended World War I in 1917.

138 Georgians in World War I over 100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the US armed forces, training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort McPherson, Camp Gordon, and Camp Hancock helped Georgia economy, Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm produce, 3,000 young Georgians killed in the war

139. Great Depression the 1930s, started with the Stock Market Crash of 1929, people blamed President Herbert Hoover, people lost their jobs, their homes, their cars, period of extreme economic loss that stopped economic growth in the U.S. in the 1930s. Atlanta, Georgia, among other cities in the U.S., was unprepared for such devastation.

140. Boll weevil an insect that feeds on cotton. A heavy boll weevil infestation in the 1910s was a main reason for sharecroppers leaving the South and heading North searching for employment, responsible for the devastation of the cotton crop.

141. 1930s drought in Georgia The U.S. Weather Bureau said that rivers in many places reached the lowest stages ever known, 1925 was called “the year you could walk across the Chattahoochee River.”, the drought had a severe effect on Georgia agriculture, terrible farm conditions forced thousands of people to migrate to Georgia’s cities and other states to find work.

142. Eugene Talmadge Georgia governor, did not like New Deal programs in Georgia, elected Governor of GA in 1932 and 1934, outspoken critic of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal programs in Georgia, re-elected in 1940, began to use some New Deal programs, used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges.

143. President Franklin Roosevelt FDR, the New Deal President, led the United States in most of World War II, only president be elected for 4 terms, president from 1932-1945, had polio, visited Georgia often at Warm Springs, Warm Springs known as the “Little White House”, worked to improve American lives during the Great Depression.

144. New Deal policies presented by President Roosevelt to help pull the nation out of the Great Depression, the plan to put people back to work, the plan to put people back in houses, the plan to help farmers make money, the plan to put food on people’s tables, the plan to put money in people’s pockets, The programs helped to boost the economy by

finding jobs for unemployed persons, raising the price of cotton to help farmers, offering better wages to sharecroppers to get them out of poverty.

145. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) New Deal Program, Created jobs for young men, men worked in exchange for housing, food, and money, built many of GA’s parks, sewer systems, bridges, cleaned beaches, parks, and forests.

146. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) New Deal Program, Raised the price of farm products by limiting supply, farmers were paid to produce less to drive the price up so each farmer made for money for their crops.

147. Rural Electrification Authority (REA) New Deal Program, Brought electricity to the rural (country) areas of the U.S.

148. Social Security (SSI) New Deal Program, passed in 1935, helped to provide old-age benefits for retiring workers, also offered insurance for the unemployed and disabled.

149. Lend-Lease FDR’s policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union to fight Germany, FDR’s policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union to fight the Nazis in Germany.

150. Pearl Harbor a United States naval base in the Pacific Ocean on the island of Hawaii, the place where the United States entered World War II, the place where Japan attacked the United States, the place where the Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941, the place where Japan hoped to destroy the United States fleet giving taking control of the Pacific Ocean, because of the attack the USA declared war on Japan.

151. Bell Aircraft during World War II built the B-29 bomber Marietta to produce, the small town of Marietta quickly became home to 28,000 workers who built 663 B-29s from 1943 to 1945, besides paying excellent wages and employed many women and African Americans.

152. Military bases Military bases (such as Fort Benning) were built in the state which improved the economy, Georgia became home to many military bases in the during World War II thanks to the efforts of two Georgia legislators, Richard B. Russell and Carl Vinson.

153. Savannah and Brunswick shipyards brought prosperity to the state during the war, large transport vessels called Liberty Ships were built in both locations, Liberty Ships were simple, square-hulled vessels designed to carry everything from grain and mail to troops and trucks.

154. Richard Russell served one term as Georgia governor, and seven consecutive terms as U.S. senator, as chairman of the powerful Armed Services Committee, US Senator from GA, worked to bring over a dozen military bases to GA, these military bases helped to bring jobs and resources to the state.

155. Carl Vinson brought military installations and federal dollars to Georgia during the war years, concentrated on military affairs during his 50 years in the U.S. House of Representatives, in 1973, President Richard Nixon named a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier after him, US Representative from GA; helped to build the US Navy in the years leading up to World War II, wrote many bills that expanded the US Navy and helped to supply our allies.

156. Holocaust and Georgians name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people, and others deemed “undesirable”, 6 million Jewish people killed in the Holocaust; approximately 5 million other “undesirables” also killed, In 1986, Governor Joe Frank Harris established the

Georgia Commission on the Holocaust. Its goal is to teach future generations about the horrors of the Holocaust and create awareness of the dangers of prejudice and hatred so acts like that are not repeated, the Jewish Federation of Greater Atlanta has regular meetings for children of Holocaust survivors, and the Jewish Family and Career Services of Atlanta provides assistance for survivors and their families.

157. Warm Springs President Roosevelt visited often, known as the “Little White House”, FDR’s polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs located here, on April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died here.

158. Atlanta known as Terminus before the Civil War, once the place where railroads around the South met, the capital of Georgia, William T. Sherman burned it down during the Civil War, largest city in Georgia

159. William B. Hartsfield Served as Atlanta’s mayor longer than any other person (6 terms from 1937-1961), presided over many building projects including expressways and parks throughout the city, after his death in 1971 the Atlanta airport was renamed after him.

160. Ivan Allen, Jr. Served as Atlanta’s mayor from 1962-1970, only politician from the South to speak in favor of the Civil Rights Act, helped to bring the Braves from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to Atlanta.

161. Major league sports Atlanta Braves moved to Atlanta in 1966, bought by Ted Turner in 1976, won the World Series in 1995, Atlanta Falcons played their first NFL game in 1966, played in the Super Bowl in 1998, Atlanta Hawks, NBA team, moved from St. Louis, Missouri to Atlanta in 1968.

162. Ellis Arnall served as governor of Georgia from 1943 to 1947, one of the most open-minded and effective governors in the state’s history made a huge impact on Georgia’s image—changing it from that of a poor, ruralstate to one of the most progressive states in the South, promised a “people’s administration,” where public officials would honor the desires of the people, abolished the poll tax, modernized the state’s prisonsystem, ended whipping prisoners, the education governor

163. Civil Rights Movement took place mainly during the 1950s and 1960s, but it had origins in the Reconstruction Amendments passed at the end of the Civil War, nearly 100 years before, people protested for equal rights for blacks and other minorities, and the federal government passed legislation to respect those rights and make state governments do the same.

164. Herman Talmadge served as governor of GA briefly in 1947 and again from 1948-1955, later served in the U.S. Senate, segregationist - worked to keep African American and white citizens separate, as a politician, he worked to help GA’s farmers and tried to stop Civil Rights, a strict segregationist, didn’t like African Americans, established 9-month school year raised standards for schools, in 1954 he strongly opposed the ruling of Brown v. Board of Education. When Southern schools were ordered to desegregate a year later, the Georgia legislature rebelled against the ruling.

165. Benjamin Mays distinguished African American minister, educator, scholar, and social activist, best known as the longtime president of Morehouse College in Atlanta, mentor to civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr., outspoken critic of segregation before the rise of the modern civil rights movement in the United States.

166. The 1946 governor’s race Due to the death of the 1946 governor’s race winner Eugene Talmadge and recent changes to the Georgia state constitution, three men had a legitimate claim to the office; the matter was settled by the Supreme Court and a special election in 1948

167. The end of the white primary Used, after the Civil War, to keep African Americans from voting, 1900 Democratic Primary – Democratic leaders decided that only white Democrats could vote in the primary election., GA was essentially a one-party state (Republican and Independent candidates got little support from white citizens), as a result, white, Democratic candidates were often elected with little or no African American support, end of the White Primary – King v. Chapman Supreme Court case made the white primary systems in GA unconstitutional (illegal).

168. Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954) ruled that segregation of public schools was not constitutional, desegregated public schools, overturning the previous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

169. Martin Luther King, Jr. developed a nonviolent approach to social change with a four-prong approach, direct, nonviolent actions, legal remedies, ballots, economic boycotts, SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference – civil rights group, Sit-in: strategy to people refuse to leave a public building until their demands are met.

170. 1956 state flag was changed to prominently display the Confederate Battle Flag, changed after the Brown v. Education Supreme Court case; changed in 2001 as citizens found the flag offensive.

171. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) challenged segregated bus system in Albany, a founder was Morehouse College student Julian Bond, who would later become a U.S. Senator from Georgia, began with sit-ins at lunch counters in the South, expanded its efforts to stop segregation at other public places and promote black voter registration in the South.

172. Sibley Commission the recommended that each local district decide the desegregation matter for itself, also recommended that the state repeal the laws penalizing integrated schools.

173. Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter were the first black students to enter the University of Georgia. the school was integrated in 1961 under an order by the U.S. District Court in Athens, when they entered the school, students yelled racial slurs at them, a few days later, an angry crowd threw bottles and bricks at the windows of Hunter’s dormitory, they stayed in school,

174. Segregation to separate by races, to separate whites and blacks

175. Albany Movement From fall 1961 to summer 1962, a desegregation movement took place in Albany, Georgia, involved several civil rights organizations including the NAACP and SNCC, their goal was to end all types of segregation in the city from buses and trains to libraries, hospitals, and juries, tactics used included mass demonstrations, sit-ins, and boycotts, by December 1961, more than 500 protesters had been arrested, Albany’s police chief was careful to keep the peace to avoid negative publicity. Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Albany to lend his support and bring national attention to the cause. He was jailed along with the protesters, even with King’s influence, desegregation efforts failed in Albany, King later said that the protests in Albany tried to do too many things instead of focusing on one facet of segregation, he learned from this experience and used different tactics in future desegregation efforts.

176. March on Washington August 28, 1963, 250,000 people marched on Washington, D.C. to demonstrate for equal rights, the event was organized by several different civil rights groups, different leaders spoke, including Martin Luther King, Jr., who delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech, which spoke against Jim Crow laws.

177. Civil Rights Act of 1964 the end of Jim Crow laws in America, the end of segregation in America, desegregation came to America, integration came to America, Jim Crow was dead in America, signed by President Lyndon Johnson, prohibited discrimination based on color, race, or religion in places like restaurants, hotels, motels, and theaters, encouraged the desegregation of public schools, made it illegal to discriminate in employment, and prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex.

178. Maynard Jackson Jackson became the first African American mayor of a major southern city, the first African American mayor of Atlanta

179. Lester Maddox became governor of Georgia in 1967, beat up black activists who challenged segregation at the restaurant he had owned, very popular with Georgians who supported segregation also, appointed more African Americans to state office than all other governors 180. Andrew Young an aide to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Executive director of the SCLC, in 1972, won election to the U.S. House of Representatives (1st African American from GA to be elected to Congress since the 1860’s).

181. two-party system in Georgia the rise of the Republicans, Republicans versus Democrats, from 1872 to 2003, Georgians always elected Democratic governors and congressmen, in 2003, Democratic Governor Roy Barnes was defeated by Republican candidate Sonny Perdue, the shift toward more liberal politics in the Democratic Party led to this change, since 2003, several conservative Democrats have changed parties, and more and more Republicans are being elected to the General Assembly.

182. 1996 Olympic Games on Georgia the effect of this event was enormous, bringing recognition, respect, and investment to Georgia from all over the world, Atlanta and other cities hosting events gained new hotel rooms, restaurants, and beautiful sports facilities. The Olympic Stadium became the new home of the Atlanta Braves baseball team, downtown Atlanta got quite a facelift as new sidewalks, lighting, and trees were installed along busy streets, and Centennial Park provided a 21-acre oasis in the heart of the city, public housing in high-crime areas was replaced by apartments, and dormitories built for Olympic athletes became the property of state universities.

183. New immigrant communities in Georgia Immigrants from many countries have made their home in Georgia for generations. In the mid-1970s, refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos settled in the state. In recent years, immigrants have arrived from Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East, Immigration has its greatest impact recently in northern Georgia, where Hispanics have moved to fill jobs in the construction, poultry processing, and carpet manufacturing industries.

184. Basic Structure of Georgia Constitution The Georgia government has operated under 10 constitutions. The latest revision was adopted in 1983. Here is the basic structure of the Georgia Constitution:

Preamble – States purpose of the constitution. Article I Bill of Rights – States specific rights guaranteed by the constitution, such

as rights to life, liberty, and property. Article II Voting and Elections – Sets qualifications for voting and rules for

elections.

Article III Legislative Branch – Describes structure of and powers given to the General Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives).

Article IV Constitutional Boards and Commissions – Sets up government bodies such as the Public Service Commission, State Transportation Board, and Board of Pardons and Paroles.

Article V Executive Branch – Establishes offices and powers of governor and lieutenant governor.

Article VI Judicial Branch – Establishes state court system. Article VII Taxation and Finance – Authorizes power to tax, and purposes and

methods of taxation. Article VIII Education – Establishes public education system supported by taxes, and

Board of Education to oversee it. Article IX Counties and Municipal Corporations – Describes powers and structure

of county government. Article X Amendments to the Constitution – Describes process to amend the

constitution. Article XI Miscellaneous Provisions

185. Separation of Powers Each branch of government is separate and has unique powers that the other branches of government may not interfere with.

186. Checks and Balances Used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch. For example, the Executive Branch can veto bills from the Legislative Branch, but the Legislative Branch can override the veto.Examples:

The General Assembly (legislative branch) may pass a bill, but the governor (executive branch) may veto, or say ‘no’ to it.

The governor (executive branch) may veto a bill, but the General Assembly (legislative branch) may pass the bill over the veto if they have enough votes.

The state Supreme Court (judicial branch) can declare laws (legislative branch) unconstitutional.

187. Branches of the Georgia State Government: (Legislative) General Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives): create laws

188. Branches of the Georgia State Government: (Executive) Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer: enforce laws

189. Branches of the Georgia State Government: (Judicial) Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, and Municipal Courts: interpret laws

190. Voting Qualifications in Georgia You must be a citizen of the United States. You must be a legal resident of Georgia and of the county where you wish to vote. You must be at least 18 years of age by Election Day. A citizen cannot vote if he or she is serving a sentence for a felony conviction, or is

declared mentally incompetent by a judge.

191. Elections in Georgia The Elections Division of the Secretary of State’s office runs all elections. Every election has a voter registration deadline. Typically, that deadline is 30 days before the election. Each fall, Georgians vote for a variety of positions, depending on the year. Sometimes special elections are held at other times of the year. Presidential elections are held every four years on the first Tuesday of November. Voters cast their ballots at a specific location near their home. In Georgia, voters use touch-screen voting machines.

All polling places are open from 7:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m. on Election Day. Employers are required to give employees up to two hours to vote.

Voters standing in line at 7:00 p.m. will still be allowed to vote. If a voter will be unable to vote on Election Day, he or she can cast an absentee ballot

by mail before the election. Another option for busy voters is called advance voting. Any registered voter can go to the county voter registration office on the Monday

through Friday before the election and cast their ballot.

192. Political Parties an organized group of people who control or seek to control a government. In democratic countries, political parties compete against one another in elections to keep or gain control of a government. In the United States, political parties are active on the national, state, and local levels.

193. Legislative Branch in Georgia General Assembly consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate.The House has 180 members; the Senate has 56 members.

194. Qualifications for Legislative Branch in Georgia Legislators in both groups include U.S. citizenship, Georgia citizenship for at least two years, and legal residence in their districts for at least one year. Senators must be at least 25 years old; representatives must be at least 21. Assembly members are elected in their local districts, and the entire membership of each body is elected at the same time.

195. Terms of Legislative Branch in Georgia two years with no limit on consecutive terms. General

196. Duties of Legislative Branch in Georgia include making laws to ensure the welfare of citizens, and to represent the views of their constituents.

197. How a “BILL” Becomes a “LAW” in Georgia A bill first must be proposed by a member of either house, considered, and passed by

one house before the same process happens in the other house. Sometimes a bill is accepted in one house but not the other. Amendments (changes)

are submitted. If a compromise cannot be made, a conference committee made up of three members

of both houses meets to try to work out any differences. If both houses accept the bill with or without amendments, the governor, who is not a

member of the General Assembly, has 40 days to sign the bill into law, veto it, or do nothing.

If the governor vetoes the bill, a two-thirds vote of both houses is needed to override the veto and the bill becomes law. If the governor does nothing, the bill becomes a law after 40 days.

Through this process, the legislative branch fulfills its role as the lawmaking body for Georgia.

198. Governor in Georgia the governor of Georgia is the state’s chief executive.

199. Qualifications for governor in Georgia a candidate must be at least 30 years old, a U.S. citizen for fifteen years, and a Georgia resident for six years.

200. Terms of governor in Georgia the term of office is four years, with a total of two consecutive terms allowed. The governor is elected by the people of Georgia.

201. Duties of the governor in Georgia include suggesting new state programs and laws, proposing and directing the state budget, and appointing members of state boards. He may also call special sessions of the legislature and may veto laws proposed by the legislature.

202. Lieutenant Governor in Georgia the second highest elected official in Georgia

203. Qualifications for lieutenant governor in Georgia identical to those of the governor.

204. Term of lieutenant governor in Georgia four years, but there is no limit on the number of terms

205. Duties of the lieutenant governor in Georgia if the governor dies while in office, the lieutenant governor takes over until the next general election. His other main duty is presiding over the Senate, a very important role in the legislative process

206. State Agencies and Boards in Georgia help the executive branch fulfill its role. These agencies oversee the departments by developing policies and providing feedback to the governor so that state programs run smoothly and laws are enforced.

207. The Department of Education (DOE) certifies teachers, approves textbooks, and distributes funds. State agency: Board of Education and the State Superintendent of Schools

208. The Department of Human Resources (DHR) is one of the largest state agencies. Services include assistance for the aging, family and children’s services, and mental health. State agency: Board of Human Resources

209. The Department of Public Safety (DPS) enforces traffic laws, helps public safety agencies reduce crime, and responds to natural and manmade disasters. State agency: Board of Public Safety

201. The Department of Transportation (DOT) plans, constructs, and maintains highways and bridges. It supports other forms of transportation, such as buses and bicycle trails. State agency: Board of Transportation

211. The Department of Economic Development (DED) supports the economy through local and international business expansion, technology development, tourism, film, and music. State agency: Board of Industry, Trade, and Tourism

212. The Department of Natural Resources (DNR) helps conserve and protect natural and cultural resources by managing state parks, historic sites, and fishing and wildlife areas. State agency: Board of Natural Resources

213. Georgia Court System organized into seven levels. The two appellate-level courts are the supreme court and court of appeals. The five trial-level courts are superior, state, juvenile, probate, and magistrate courts. Municipal and special courts function at the local level.

214. Appellate Courts in Georgia Supreme Court of Georgia – highest court in state; has seven justices, no jury Court of Appeals – twelve judges work in panels of three to hear cases; no jury

215. Other Courts in Georgia Superior Courts – can hear almost any civil or criminal case; judge and jury State Courts – jurisdiction over misdemeanor violations and civil cases; judge and

jury Juvenile Courts – jurisdiction over delinquent children under 17 and deprived

children under 18; no jury Probate Courts – handle administrative matters such as wills and administration of

estates; may have jury

Magistrate Courts – handle small civil claims, bad checks, arrest warrants, etc; no jury

216. Election of Judges in Georgia selected in two ways—elected or appointed. Judges in the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, superior, state, and probate courts are elected to their positions. Most magistrate court judges are elected but some are appointed by their local legislature. Juvenile court judges are appointed by superior court judges.

217. Criminal Law deals with actions that harm people and society. Examples are driving under the influence of intoxicants (DUI), murder, or robbery of a bank at gunpoint.

218. Civil Law handles private disputes such as divorce, property ownership, contracts, or personal injuries.

219. Steps in Criminal Justice Processa) Arraignment (pronounced uh•rain•ment) Between 24 and 48 hours after an arrest, a

suspect has his first court appearance. The judge reviews the circumstances of the arrest and decides whether there is probable cause for the arrest. The suspect is read his rights under Georgia law. During the arraignment, the suspect can have a lawyer with him, but no evidence is presented on the suspect’s behalf.

b) Bail If a crime is non-violent in nature, and/or the suspect is not likely to flee (run away), bail is set. This way, the suspect can go about his daily business until he is needed by the court. If bail is not set, or he is unable to pay, the suspect must be held in jail. If the suspect is out on bail, but does not return when scheduled, a warrant will be issued for his arrest, and he will be considered a flight risk and put in jail.

c) Commitment Hearing Sometimes lawyers suggest to their clients that they plead “not guilty” to the charges when asked by the judge. The state prosecutor’s job is to show the judge that there is “probable cause” that a crime has been committed by the suspect. If the judge decides that there isn’t enough evidence against the suspect, a case may be dropped! If there is enough evidence, the judge will set a trial date.

d) Preparing for Trial - Continuances, or postponements, might be filed before a trial. This is so both sides, the defense (for the suspect) and the prosecution (for the state) can gather more evidence, or if there is a schedule conflict, a new trial date can be set. The jurors are chosen during this time as well.

e) Plea Bargaining - Sometimes the prosecution brings a plea bargain to the table! If the defense accepts the plea bargain, the suspect agrees to plead “guilty” before the trial ever starts. In exchange for pleading “guilty,” the suspect would get a lighter sentence—and there would be no trial! If the defense lawyer feels he has a strong case for his client, and feels he may even get an acquittal, the trial date stands as is.

f) The Trial At the trial, the prosecution and defense argue their cases. It is up to the prosecution to prove to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime has occurred. The defense tries to make the jury doubt the guilt of the accused. A defendant may be found guilty of all, some, or none of the charges..

220. Delinquent Child a juvenile who has committed a crime that would be considered a crime if it were committed by an adult. Treatment, rehabilitation, or supervision by the court is necessary.

221. Unruly Child is a juvenile who has violated a law that only pertains to children. Examples include truancy (skipping school), running away from home, being continually disobedient to reasonable and lawful rules of one’s parents, and loitering in public places between 12 a.m. and 5 a.m. Treatment, rehabilitation, or supervision by the court is necessary.

222. Rights of Juveniles in Georgia Juveniles have the same rights as adults do when taken into custody. They are: the right to remain silent when questioned about an alleged crime; the right to have an attorney present when being questioned by the police; the right to be represented by an attorney at a trial.

223. Steps in the Juvenile Court Process

224. 7 Delinquent Behaviors murder, voluntary manslaughter, rape, aggravated sodomy, aggravated child molestation, aggravated sexual battery, and armed robbery.

225. Delinquent Behavior and Steps in Court 1) a complaint about the delinquent act. The juvenile may be sent to a juvenile detention center. 2) After the case is investigated, it is either dismissed or a petition (complaint) is filed. 3) If a petition is filed, an arraignment hearing is scheduled. 4) The alleged offender may remain silent, deny the petition, or agree to the petition. 5) A court date is set and a trial is conducted.

226. Counties governed by an elected commissioner or a board of commissioners. There are four other elected county officials: sheriff, tax commissioner, clerk of the superior court, and judge of the probate court.

227. Cities Cities are governments granted charters by the general assembly. The form of government and city boundaries are stated in the charter. Most cities are led by a mayor and city council, while some have city managers.

228. Strong Mayor-Council the mayor has total responsibility for day-to-day operations. He hires and fires city staff, takes care of the budget, and may have veto power over council actions. The city council serves as the legislature, and may have the power to override the mayor’s veto.

229. Weak Mayor-Council the mayor and city council share the policymaking role. The mayor is not a true chief executive, often limited in power to make appointments, create the budget, or veto council resolutions. The city council possesses most of the power.

230. Council Manager the citizens (“shareholders”) elect a city council (“board of directors”). The city council establishes policies, passes ordinances, and supervises the government. The council hires a city manager who handles the city’s daily operations and holds the power to hire staff, fire staff, and administer the budget. The mayor performs ceremonial duties and may be a member of the city council itself.

231. Special Purpose Governments set up by a city or county to meet a specific need. Examples include operating public schools, a mass transit system (like MARTA in Atlanta), an airport, or a water and sewer system. Special-purpose governments can also be established

in a city to advance economic development. One example is an authority set up to revitalize an old downtown district.

232. Sales taxes Also known as a “consumption tax,” a sales tax is paid on things that people buy and consume. These include items like cars or any merchandise you would buy from a store.

233. Federal grants The U.S. government gives states federal grants to help fund education or build interstate highways.

234. Personal income taxes States and the U.S. government tax the earnings of individual citizens and the money they earn from investments.

235. Property taxes Private homes, land, and business property are taxed according to their value. Property taxes are a major source of revenue for local government.