Where is HereLecture 2

Prairie Ecosystems

The Urban Savannah

• Frontiers of the Prairie– Frank Lloyd Wright’s

Prairie Skyscraper, Price Tower Arts center

• Chicago is as it was

on the Ecotone– coined from a combination of eco(logy) plus –tone– from the Greek tonos or tension – in other words, – a place where ecologies are in tension

Chicago Architecture Foundation

oikos-olgie, EcologyStudy of the household, Total relationship .. of organic

and inorganic environmentEcology is the scientific study of the distribution and

abundance of living organisms and how the distribution and abundance are affected by interactions between the organisms and their environment

1866 Ernst Haeckel“ontogeny recapitulates

phylogeny”Father of Evo-Devo,

but also faked some data,like Mendel and Darwin?

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Ecosystem

• 1935, Tansley studying math and systems theory, quantifying relationships and community at various interlocking scales

• A biome is a homogeneous ecological formation that exists over a large region as tundra or steppes. The biosphere comprises all of the Earth's biomes -- the entirety of places where life is possible -- from the highest mountains to the depths of the oceans.

EcoZones/ Biomes/ Realms

• Australasia | Antarctic | Afrotropic | Indo-Malayan Nearctic | Neotropic | Oceania | Palearctic

Temperate Grasslands, Savannas, & Shrublands

NA0801NA0802NA0803NA0804NA0805NA0806NA0807NA0808NA0809NA0810NA0811NA0812NA0813NA0814NA0815

California Central Valley grasslandsCanadian Aspen forests and parklandsCentral and Southern mixed grasslandsCentral forest-grasslands transitionCentral tall grasslandsEdwards Plateau savannaFlint Hills tall grasslandsMontana Valley and Foothill grasslandsNebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslandsNorthern mixed grasslandsNorthern short grasslandsNorthern tall grasslandsPalouse grasslandsTexas blackland prairiesWestern short grasslands

EcoRegions• An ecoregion (ecological region), sometimes called a bioregion, is

the next smallest ecologically and geographically defined area beneath "realm" or "ecozone".

• The WWF has identified 825 terrestrial ecoregions, and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth.

• "recurring pattern of ecosystems associated with characteristic combinations of soil and landform that characterise that region" (Brunckhorst, 2000).

• Others have defined ecoregions as areas of ecological potential based on combinations of biophysical parameters such as climate and topography. Biodiversity is also an important aspect of the study of ecoregions. The biodiversity of flora, fauna and ecosystems that characterise an ecoregion tend to be distinct from that of other ecoregions

• Great Plains has 15 EcoRegions,• Chicago, “Central Tall Grasslands -> Prairie Oak Transition”

Upper Midwest forest-savanna transition (NA0415)

• One of the three ecotonal units separating the vast Great Plains grasslands from the forests of the eastern U.S. is the Upper Midwest Forest/Savanna Transition Zone

• The predominance of trees in a mosaic of forests, savannas, and woodlands, and by differences in dominance of major tree species.

• oak, maple, basswood woodland, forest, and savanna ecosystem (Küchler 1985). The boundaries of this ecoregion were heavily influenced by fire and drought

Central forest-grasslands transition

• extends from northern Illinois, across much of Missouri, and into eastern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

• Is one of the larger savanna-type ecoregions, covering more than 380,000 km2

• separates the Eastern Deciduous Forests from the tallgrass and mixed grass prairies.

• higher tree and shrub densities.• Annual precipitation ranges from 600-1040

mm, with wetter areas supporting a more closed tree canopy.

• The uniform soil type (mollisols) unites this wide-ranging ecoregion.

• Unfortunately, virtually no intact habitat remains because this ecoregion is one of the most converted of U.S. ecoregions.

• Almost all of this unit is intensively farmed for corn and soybeans.

Danger Danger

• Tall Grass Prairies.• 99.9% plowed under• 464 species declined “long term survival is in

danger• 328 (71%) are endemic• Mixed Grassland Diversity• 13 amphibians, 18 reptiles, 72 mammals, 160

butterflies, 222 birds, 1595 species of grasses, sedges and wildflowers

• Species Richness index 2095,– vs California Redwood forest 1710, Everglades 1855

Prairie global distribution• 1/3 or earths land surface• Other world prairie ecosystems?

– Could we survive today without prairie grasslands? What are our major food stuffs?

• For example, a Temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as steppe in central Asia, savanna or veld in southern Africa, prairie in North America, pampa in South America and outback or scrub in Australia. Sometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's Biodiversity Action Plan.

• Independent evolutionary origins, similarities on species compositions, species dependencies?

• Original site of Crop domestication• Could we survive today without prairie grasslands? What are our major food

stuffs?

Glaciers give way

• Chicago Encyclopedia – 11,000 years ago– Mastodons and woolly mammoths– Evergreen Forest (still remnant evergreens)– Before settlement map (browse)– Humans? Large animals? giant beaver (Castoroides

ohioensis), Harlan's musk ox (Bootherium bombifrons), and stag-moose (Cervalces scotti ) all occurred in the Chicago region

World Grasslands

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Hmm, we never knew what we were undoing

Grassland evolution in N. America

Bison• First Europeans observation Coronado in 1540 “hunters

following endless herds.. Impossible to number.” precontact population estimated 25-125Million

Last free roaming buffalo killed in Canada in 1883, US in 1891. Hides used for belts in the industrial revolution.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison

• Badlands are a type of arid terrain with clay-rich soil that has been extensively eroded by wind and water. Canyons, ravines, gullies, hoodoos and other such geological forms are common in badlands. They are often difficult to walk upon. Badlands usually have a spectacular color display that alternates from dark black/blue coal stria to bright clays to red scoria.

• The term "badlands" has dual origins: the Lakota called the topography "mako sica", literally "bad lands",

Badlands

Chinle Badlands, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, US.

Row of hoodoos at Bryce Canyon National Park in Utah

Loess Hills• The Loess Hills are generally located between 1 and 15 miles east of the

Missouri River channel. These hills are the first rise in land beyond the flood plain, forming something of a "front range" for Iowa, and parts of Missouri and Nebraska adjacent to the Missouri River.

• During the Ice Age, glaciers advanced into the middle of North America, grinding underlying rock into dust-like "glacial flour".

Snow geese flying in front of the loess hills at Squaw Creek National Wildlife Refuge in the Missouri River bottoms near Mound City, Missouri

Making of Lake Michigan

• Whenever a glacier stabilizes for a time at the same position, the transported material accumulates into hilly moraines, several of which occur in the Chicago region

Wisconsin glaciation, reached its southernmost extent near Shelbyville in central Illinois about 24,000 years ago

17,000 years ago is Time 0 for Chicago, 12,000 for Lake

Sandy springboard

• Lake floor depressed because the heavy weight of the ice above the land surface

• The land depressed by the glacial ice gradually uplifted, a process called isostatic rebound .

• Good for skyscrapers!? 150’ topsoil

Terra forming

• -17,000 -- -11,000.. Evergreen Spruces (white and black) and Deciduous Popular, Ash, Ironwook.– Unique on the globe, warm winters cool summers

• -11,000 end of Pleistocene, beginning of Holocene warming to deciduous forest dominated by black ash, elm (Ulmus), and oak prevailed , better than today (few evergreens left)

• About 6,000 years ago, the climate again became drier, and the modern mosaic of prairie and woodland began to develop. Elm and other fire-sensitive trees decreased in abundance, and oak became the predominate tree on the landscape.

• Open Savannah Oak architecture

• Lots of light near a grassland

• Native Americans provided a constant source of ignition

Westerly wind protection

• Thicker forests were less subject to fire, and generally were on the protected east sides of the rivers. Eg Aurora

• Why do grasses withstand fire and trees/shrubs don’t?