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© OECD/IEA 2015
Energy Efficiency Training Week
Where to start: Understanding building energy use
Buildings energy efficiency sessions done in partnership with:
BuildingsSession 1
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1. Where to start: Understanding building energy use2. Where to start: Energy efficiency potential in buildings3. Toolkit: Building technologies for low energy buildings4. Toolkit: Building energy efficiency policies5. What are the steps: Set targets and develop policies 6. What are the steps: Building energy codes 7. What are the steps: Incentives for energy efficient buildings8. Did it work: Tracking progress with energy efficiency indicators9. Did it work: Evaluating the multiple benefits of energy efficiency
in buildings10. Where do I get help: International collaborations
Energy Efficiency Training WeekBuildings: Program
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Understanding Building Energy Use
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Understanding Building Energy Use
Buildings don’t use energy – people do: comfort/commodity/delight
People don’t demand energy, they demand energy services: heating/cooling/ventilation/sanitation hot water/cooking/refrigeration/lighting entertainment/internet/communications
Buildings are a piece of energy infrastructure: conservation (insulation/thermal mass/embodied energy) production (e.g. BiPV, CHP) adaptation & resilience
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building energy use
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Understanding Building Energy Use
Climate impacts energy use and comfort standards
NASA climatic data + GIS spatial analysis
© OECD/IEA 2015 Source: Jan Barta, Center for Passive Buildings, www.pasivnidomy.cz
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Stávající zástavba Pasivní dům
celk
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gie
[kW
h/m2 a] - 90%
Buildings utilising passive solar concept (“PassivHaus”)
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Building Energy Use: Comfort
Different Building uses create different comfort challenges: Commercial/Public Buildings: mainly cooling & lighting
Residential Buildings: heating/cooling depending on climate
“Ensure the required indoor conditions with little or no use of energy, other than from ambient or renewable sources.”
(Szokolay, 2004)
C making B match A
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy Use: Commodity
Examine the context: site conditions, climate, daylight, sonic environment
Establish the limits of desirable or acceptable conditions: temperatures, lighting, air movement, acceptable noise levels, space requirement
Attempt to create space in the most material efficient & life‐cycle considerate way
Attempt to control the variables of light, heat & sound by passive means as far as practical
Provide energy‐based services only for the residual control tasks (Szokolay, 2004)
BAU – 2X Energy Demand by 2050 in centrally planned Asia
Source: BEPS www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy Use: Delight
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047 2052
Elec
tric
ity U
se (T
Wh)
Urban-AC Urban-Envelope Urban-EqipmentRural-AC Rural-Envelope Rural-Eqipment
BAU >6X increase in residential electricity consumption in India(GBPN&CEPT 2014)
BAU >2‐4X increase in buildings electricity consumption globally by 2050 (IPCC 2014)
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy UseExample: India
How much energy does India’s residential sector consume
What should we focus on Buildings or Appliances or Behaviour or Everything?
Source: Residential Buildings in India: Energy Use Projections and Savings Potentials GBPN & CEPT University 2014http://www.gbpn.org/reports/residential-buildings-india-energy-use-projections-and-savings-potentials
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Population: 1237 Million (313.9) 833M (69%) in Rural India 377M (31%) in Urban India
Households: 220 Million (120.7) Average household size: 5.3 (2.6) Jurisdictions: 8,000 Towns and
600,000 Villages Average household energy
consumption: 900 kWh/year
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Total Rural Urban
1 HH 2 HH 3HH 5-6HH 7+HH
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Residential Energy Consumption 34% Fans 28% Lighting 7% Air Conditioning 4% Evaporative Cooler
13% Refrigerator 4% Television 10% others
85%15%
Residential Commercial
73%
27%Floor area by building sector
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Four Cities – in Four Climate Zone Ahmedabad: Hot and Dry (CDD 3441 – HDD 131) New Delhi: Composite (CDD 2928 – HDD 429) Mumbai: Warm and Humid (CDD 3567 – HDD 0) Pune: Moderate (CDD 2485 – HDD 175)
About 1000 households 250 per Climate Zone
Methodology: Field Study
Source: www.gbpn.org
Source of Map : BEE
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Housing Typology Ground + 3 Ground + 12 Row houses – Tenements Independent Bungalows
Demographics Family of 2 to 7
Spread of field study Various neighborhoods
Methodology: Field Study
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Analysis & Observations
Source: www.gbpn.org
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1 BHK 2 BHK 3 BHK 4 BHK
No
of D
wel
lings
Air Conditioners and Bedroom Distribution
No AC 1 AC 2 AC 3 AC 4 AC 5 AC 6 AC
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Analysis & Observations
Source: www.gbpn.org
27 32
57 54
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27 26
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8 9
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Mum
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Ahm
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Mum
bai
Surveyed BAU ECBC ECBC+
EPI (
kWh/
m2)
EPI (kWh/m2) for all Climate and Building Types
Equipment EPI Increse in AC EPI for Air Conditioned AC EPI for Mixed ModeIncrease in AC EPI for Air Conditioned
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Four Scenarios
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Building Energy UseExample: India
Four Scenarios
Source: www.gbpn.org
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Review Questions
What are the most important energy services required for buildings to provide in your jurisdiction?
What factors are driving demand for energy services in your jurisdiction?
Which building type offers the greatest energy savings potential?
Which policy measures might reduce demand for space cooling and growth in electricity consumption?
Which policy measures might influence the behaviour of building occupants to promote energy conservation?
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Energy Efficiency Training Week
Where to start: Understanding building energy use
Buildings energy efficiency sessions done in partnership with:
BuildingsSession 1
© OECD/IEA 2015
Building energy use
Buildings account for: more than one third global final energy demand 60% of the world’s electricity use, one‐third of energy‐related CO2 emissions, two‐thirds of halocarbon, and 25–33% of black carbon emissions (GEA 2012)
Industry31%
Transport31%
Other sectors4%
4%
11%
22%
28%
5%
30%
Buildings35%
Coal
Oil
Natural gas
Electricity
Commercial heat
Renewables
Global Final Energy Demand, 2012
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Global Final Energy Demand and Power Generation Mix, 2012
Building energy use
Buildings depend heavily on upstream energy intensity and emissions (electricity and commercial heat).
Oil (LPG)10%
Electricity29%
Heat6%Coal
4%Natural gas
21%
Biomass29%
Other1%
Buildings sector final energy consumption, 118 EJ Power generation (heat and electricity) energy mix
Other, 11%
Nuclear, 13%
Natural gas, 23%
Hydro, 6%
Coal, 47%
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Building energy use
Global building sector final energy consumption (2010)
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Global Final Energy Demand, 2012
Building energy use
43%
14%
8%3% 5%
27%
OECD 50 EJ
Space heating Water heating Lighting Cooking Space Cooling Appliance and other
20%25%
5%
34%
3%
13%
Non‐OECD 68 EJ
Space heating and water heating account for half of global buildings final energy demand. Demand varies across OECD/non‐OECD countries, especially with biomass use for cooking and water heating.
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Global Final Energy Demand, 2012
Building energy use
Space cooling demand is rising rapidly, especially in developing regions. Appliance and small‐plug load demand growing quickly as wealth/connectivity increase.
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2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Inde
x (200
0 = 100)
Space heating
Space cooling
Water heating
Lighting
Cooking
Appliances
Other (Services)
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Global Final Energy Demand, 2012 – 2050 under the 6DS and 2DS
Building energy use Developing regions have highest potential for growth – and
energy savings…
0
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20126DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050
OECD Americas European Union China Middle East and Africa India
EJ
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5
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20126DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050 2012
6DS2050
2DS2050
OECD Asia Oceania Russia Latin America Other developing Asia Other countries
EJ
Biomass Natural gas Electricity Coal and oil Heat Other
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Two‐thirds of the economic potential to improve energy efficiency remains untapped in the period to 2035 unless policy activity increases
Global energy efficiency opportunities by sector
Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2012
> USD 300 BILLION
Building energy use & opportunity
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Source: IEA Energy Statistics, 2014; IMF, 2014; UN DESA, 2014
Population
GDP
Energy
Floor Area
Households
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Perce
nt chan
ge rela
tive to
2000
Global buildings energy use relative to key drivers
Drivers of building energy use
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Getting it right: from the startTypical lifetimes of energy consuming buildings stock and equipment
Source: IEA Buildings Code Policy Pathway 2013
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‐
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055 2060 2065 2070 2075
Floo
r area (m
illion m2)
New Stock (nZEB)
New Stock (Non‐compliant)
New Stock (Compliant)
Retrofit Stock
Historic Stock (Before 2015)
Getting it right: priority settingExample residential floor area growth
Source: IEA Buildings Model
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Example of savings by reconstruction. Czech Republic
We can build and retrofit buildings to achieve 60 – 90% savings as compared to standard practice in all climate zones (providing similar or increased service levels)
Reconstruction according to the passive house principle
-90%
Before reconstruction
over 150 kWh/(m²a) 15 kWh/(m²a)
Source: Jan Barta, Center for Passive Buildings, www.pasivnidomy.cz, EEBW2006
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Net‐Zero Energy BuildingsIn aiming for zero fossil fuel energy use as quickly as possible, an economical energy strategy would implement some combination of:
reduced demand for energy; use of available waste heat from
industrial, commercial, or decentralized electricity production;
on-site production of sustainable energy;
Combined with off-site supply of carbon-free and low impact energy, taking into account all the costs and benefits and the reliability of various options.
Science House at the Science Museum of Minnesota
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Discussion
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Trainers: Brian Dean, Peter Graham, John Dulac Purpose: To teach emerging professionals in the emerging
economies about basic fundamentals of the building energy efficiency markets including how and why buildings use energy.
Content: This course will discuss the basic fundamentals of how energy is used in buildings at both the building level and at the sector level within each country.
Energy Efficiency Training Week (Buildings)1. Where to start: Understanding building energy use