white-nose syndrome update for 2019 · 2019-03-27 · decision analysis project usgs, usfws 1....
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White-nose Syndrome Update for 2019
Jeremy T. H. Coleman (et al.)National WNS CoordinatorUS Fish and Wildlife ServiceNMFWA Bat Working GroupDenver, Colorado – 6 March 2019
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§ Continued spread in North America§ 33 states and 7 provinces confirmed § Evidence of causative fungus in 3 add’l states§ Surveillance and monitoring in Mexico and S. Am.
§ Caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd)
§ Management:§ Actions have focused on containment and conservation§ Multiple treatment options under investigation§ Focus on innovation
Overview of WNS
Al Hicks, NYSDEC
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WNS Occurrence in North America – 1 October 2018
USGS, Fort Collins Science Center
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11 Bat Species Confirmed with WNS in N. America
Tri-colored batBig brown bat
Small-footed myotis
Little brown myotisNorthern long-eared myotis*
Gray myotis*
Indiana myotis*
Yuma myotis
Southeastern myotisLong-legged myotis
Cave bat
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Six Species Pd Positive in N. America (8)
Silver-haired Bat(Lasionycteris noctivagans)
Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat(Corynorhinus townsendii virginianus)*
(Corynorhinus townsendii ingens)*(Corynorhinus townsendii townsendii)
Rafinesque's big-eared bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii)
Photos: Merlin Tuttle, Bat Conservation International
Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis)
Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis)
Western small-footed bat(Myotis ciliolabrum)
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§ Data from 149 hibernacula with 2+ years mortality/WNS§ CT, MA, MD, PA, NC, NH, NJ, NY, QC, WV, VT
§ Winter surveys reveal variable declines among species
§ These trends have been observed through the Midwest
Documented Population Declines
SpeciesTotal change
2014Little brown -87%
Northern -96%
Tricolored -75%
Indiana -32%
Big brown -25%
Total -82% J. Coleman, USFWS
Frick et al. 2010
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Pd came to US from Eurasia
Hoyt et al. (2017)Puechmaille et al. (2011)
Pd origin
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Causes of MortalityAssociated signs:• Increased arousal freq.
- Starvation- Predation
• Wing damage & homeostasis– Dehydration– Circulation & respiration– Thermoregulation
Cryan et al., 2010
Normal
WNS
Warnecke et al. 2012
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High occurrence of scarred and necrotic wings at summer colonies near affected hibernacula
Damaged Flight Membranes
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Hope for Survivors
- Damaged wings can heal- Bats are persisting post-WNS
Fuller et al. 2011Frick et al. 2017
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Survivor study Little Brown Recaptures in MA, NH, and VT
Reichard et al. 2014.
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Mechanisms of Persistence
Body fatCheng et al. 2019, J. Animal Ecology
Arousal frequency & durationLilley et al. 2016, Frontiers in Zoology
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Evolutionary RescueMaslo and Fefferman 2015, Conservation Biology
Fungal loadLangwig et al. 2017, Phil. Trans. Royal Society B
Mechanisms of Persistence
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Purpose:To guide the response of Federal, State, and Tribal agencies, and partners to WNS• Integrates with State and regional
WNS plans
US National Plan
Managing WNS: National & State Plans
Canadian National PlanPurpose:To organize Canada’s response to WNS, in collaboration with the US plan
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A strategic approach to disease management
Goal: Defeat WNS and recover bat populations…
Spatially and ecologically specific approach:
• Address the leading edge – vaccine,
probiotics, antifungals, UV light;
• Defend the WNS-free area –
containment (decontamination);
• Save our Survivors – management
guidance for rehabilitation, wildlife
conflict, transportation, forestry
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Decision Analysis ProjectUSGS, USFWS
1. Prioritizing research to maximize funding for WNS treatment and management tools
2. Assisting state partners in their decisions on WNS management and response
A. Conceptual model of the WNS disease system
B. Situation-specific decision models for resource managers
C. Integration of system model w/ decision needs
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Decision AnalysisA. Conceptual model of the WNS disease system
Bernard et al., in prep
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Decision AnalysisA. Conceptual model of the WNS disease system: Influence Diagram
Bernard et al., in prep
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Decision AnalysisB. Situation-specific decision models for resource managers
• Three case studies
- Leading edge: Texas, March 2018- Endemic: Vermont, 8 April
- Susceptible: Idaho, 6 May
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Decision AnalysisB. Situation-specific decision models for resource managers
• Three case studies
- Leading edge: Texas, March 2018
Bernard et al., in prep
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• Kill Pd in environment• Inhibit Pd on bats• Hinder transmission• Block infection• “Disarm” Pd• “Strengthen” bats• “Change” environment• …
Management Focusing on “Treatment”
Bat
PdHibernacula
WNS
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Treatments
Biologic• Probiotics• Antagonistic
bacteria/fungi• Chitosan• Propolis• Rhodococcus• Pseudomonas• Wax esters
• Mushroom alcohol• Organic oils• Lotrimine• Chlorine dioxide• Toxins, B23• Turbinafin• PEG 8000
Chemical Immunological
• Vaccine• Proteases
Mechanical• Habitat modification• Heated bat boxes• UV light• Captive
management
Manipulation Host/Pathogen
• Gene silencing• Mycoviruses• Partitiviruses
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• Cave advisory & Decontamination guidance
• NWCO, Rehab, Forest Management guidance
• Transportation agency guidance (for bridges with bats)
• Captive management recommendations
Other Conservation Measures
Available on www.WhiteNoseSyndrome.org
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• The Bats for the Future Fund (BFF) - National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (in partnership with USFWS and U.S. Forest Service)• RFP coming summer 2019
• WNS State Capacity Grants - USFWS • ~$1 million total
• WNS Research Grants (the “Open RFP”) - USFWS • Over $1 million
• WNS Prize Challenge• Target biotechnological solutions to identify ways to disarm or weaken Pd
Support Opportunities - 2019
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In Closing:• We have reason for optimism• Action is necessary for bat conservation • Before• During• Post-WNS
Bat Conservation Working Group
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• Models predict continued spread• All hibernating bat species potentially at risk • We have reason for optimism• Action is necessary for bat conservation • Before• During• Post-WNS
Future of WNS?
Maher et al. 2012. Nature Communications.