w;hjyh bf.kqï ixl,am .k;sh - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/other/sgr10om elc.pdf · 3' w;hjyh bf.kqï...

w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am

1.Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

j¾I 2016 § yd bka bÈßhg meje;aùug kshñ;

w' fmd' i'^idudkH fm<& úNd.fha .Ks;

m%Yak m;%h 1 i|yd wdjrKh úh hq;= úIh ikaOdrh

^10 iy 11 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaY wkqj&

.Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=júoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khY%S ,xldj

.Ks;hw;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am

www.nie.lk



w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am(Essential Learning Concepts)

w' fmd' i' ̂ idudkH fm<& úNd.fha § isiqka f;dard.; hq;= yr úIhka w;r m%Odk ;ekla ysñjkafka .Ks;h úIhg h' óg m%Odk fya;=j

jkafka w' fmd' i' ^idudkH fm<& úNd.h iu;aùu r|d mj;skqfha .Ks;h úIhfha iu;aùu u; h' w' fmd' i' ^Wiia fm<& l=ula fyda

úIh Odrdjla Tiafia yeoEÍfï isyskh h:d¾;hla njg m;a lr .; yelafla fuu wksjd¾h jQ .Ks; úIh iu;aùu u; h'

w' fmd' i' ̂ Wiia fm<& l,d fyda jdKsc úIh Odrdjka Tiafia yeoEÍug Wkkaÿj fuka u yelshdj we;s orejdg w' fmd' i' ̂ idudkH fm<&.Ks; úIhh wiu;aùfuka mdi,a moaO;sh yer hdug isÿfõ'

fï ms<sn| j jeäÿrg;a fidhd neÆ wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" w' fmd' i' ^idudkH fm<& úNd.fha § YsIHhskaf.a .Ks; ld¾h idOkh by<kexùu msKsi iqÿiq ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd jQ úfYaI WmfoaYl lñgqjla m;a lr ta ms<sn| j fidhd neÆ w;r tu WmfoaYl lñgqjd¾;dj ;=, i|yka j ;snQ ks¾foaY w;=ßka lsysmhla my; iqúfYaIS j olajuq'

1' oaú;Shl wOHdmkh i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk .Ks; úIh wka;¾.;h"

^w& mdi,a .Ks;h Ydia;%Sh fyda m¾fhaIKd;aul .Ks;g iudk fkdúh hq;= nj'

^wd& oaú;Sh mdi,a uÜgfï .Ks;h fmkS isákafka" isiqka ±kqj;a mqrjeishka njg m;aùug bv i,id Tjqkaf.a we;eï Ôj l=i,;d

ixj¾Okh msKsi Wmldr lsÍug nj'

^we& .Ks;h úIhh wfkl=;a úIhkays § wjYH jk WmldÍ úIhla ùu'

^wE& jvd;a M,odhS bf.kqula i|yd .Ks; ixl,am y|kajd§fï m%uqL;d wkqms<sfj,la iys; ùu' hk lreKq flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=ùu

2' j¾;udkfha ieufokd úiska u tlu .Ks;hla bf.k .ekSug isÿj ;sîfï ;;ajhg iqÿiq m%;sld¾h úi÷ula f,i 10 iy 11

fY%aKsj, w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am" (Essential Learning Concepts) y÷kdf.k we;' fuh .Ks; idlaIr;djfhka hq;a mqrjeisfhl=

f,i ie,lSu i|yd wjYHfhka u bf.k .; hq;= fldgila f,i ks¾jpkh l< yels w;r Tjqkag .Ks;fha iudÔh Wmfhda.S;d

úpdrd;aul j ;lafiare lsÍug o yelsjkq we;'



3' w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,amj,g wh;a .eg¨ úi£fï l%ñl yd ixl,amSh ±kqu wdo¾Ykh lsÍug yelsùu f,i ks¾jpkh l<yels

wfmalaIs; uQ,sl ^wju& idOk uÜgu [Basic (Lowest) Achievement Level (BAL) ] ms<sn| tl`.;djlg t<öug o ks¾foaY lrkq

,efí'

4' w;HdjYH bf.kqï ixl,am (ELC) ms<sn| by;ska i|yka lrk ,o ks¾foaYhkag wkql+, j w' fmd' i' ̂ idudkH fm<& úNd.fha .Ks;h

m%Yak m;%fhys ixhq;sh my; i|yka mßÈ m%;sjHqy.; l< yels h'

• m<uqjeks m;%fhys ̂ meh foll ld,h& wka;¾.; jkq we;af;a úIh ks¾foaYfhys w¾: ±lajQ w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am wh;a jHqy.;

m%Yak iy flá ms<s;=re iys; m%Yak muKs' th ish¨ úNd. wfmalaIlhskaf.a yelshd mrdih ;=<g jefgk w;r wjidk m%;sM,fhka50]lg odhl fõ'

• fojeks m%Yak m;%fhys ̂ meh fol yudrl ld,h& wka;¾.; jkq we;af;a iïmQ¾K úIh ks¾foaYfhka tk jHqy.; rpkduh m%Yak fõ'

fuh ilia lrkq ,nkafka jvd Ydia;%Sh yelshdjkA we;s isiqka i|yd h' by< idud¾:hka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkakka iy Wiia wOHdmk

Odrdjkag fhduqùug wfmalaId lrk wh b,lal lrf.k fuh ilia lrkq ,efí' wjidk idud¾:hg fojk m;%fhka ,efnk

odhl;ajh 50]ls'

• fï wkaoug iudkH fm< .Ks; m%Yak m;%fha iu;aùfï ,l=K 35]la f,i ie<fla kï m<uq m;%hg 70]la ̂ fuh w;HjYH bf.kqï

ixl,amj, uQ,sl idOk uÜgu f,i ie<lsh yels h& ,nd .kakd ´kEu YsIHfhl=g fojeks m;%hg lsisÿ ,l=Kla ,nd fkdf.k

jqj;a .Ks;h iu;aùug yels fõ'

• by; i|yka lreKq o wdpd¾h Wmd,s udïmsáh m%uqL úoaj;a msßila úiska j¾I 2005 § ilia lrk ,o w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am keu;s

f,aLKh o ie<ls,a,g .ksñka 11 fY%aKsfhka miq Wiia fm< wOHmkhg msúfik orejl= ;=, ;sìh hq;= .Ks; ixl,am ms<sn| cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kfha .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska y÷kd.kakd ,o fuu "w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,am"" úoHd mSG lÓldpd¾hjreka"

.=re WmfoaYljreka yd .=reNj;=kaf.ka ieÿï,;a lKavdhula iu`. idlÉPd lrñka hï hï ;srKj,g t,eöfuka miq ilia lrk

,o w;HjYH bf.kqï ixl,amj, 10 yd 11 fY%aKs úIh ks¾foaYj,g wod< úIh wka;¾.;h yd bf.kqïm, my; i|yka lr we;'

fuu úIh fldgi" isiqka ,`.d lr.kafka o hkak mÍlaId lsÍu j¾I 2016 § y÷kajdfokq ,nk w' fmd' i' ^idudkH fm<& .Ks;h m;%h - I

u`.ska isÿ lsÍug kshñ; h'



• j¾.uQ,h

• ikaksl¾IKh ^m<uq

ikaksl¾IKh muKs&

• iudka;r fY%aÎ

• ye¢kaùu

• n jk moh

• Nd. wdY%s; ir, .eg¨

úi£u

• m%;sf,dau iudkqmd;

ye¢kaùu

• m%;sf,dau iudkqmd; wdY%s;

.eg¨

• jev yd ld,h

• wkqhd; mQ¾K j¾. ixLHd folla w;r msysá mQ¾K j¾.hla fkdjk

ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h i|yd o< w.hla fidhhs'

• mQ¾K j¾.hla fkdjk mQ¾K ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h m<uq

ikaksl¾IKhg fidhhs'

• mQ¾K j¾.hla fkdjk mQ¾K ixLHdjl j¾.uQ,h oYu ixLHdjla jk

nj ms<s.kshs'

• wkqhd; mo folla w;r wka;rh ksh;hla jk ixLHd wkql%uhla

iudka;r fY%aÎhla f,i y÷kd .kshs'

• iudka;r fY%aÎ wdY%s; mdßNdIsl mo y÷kd .kshs'

• ( 1)nT a n d iQ;%h Ndú;fhka iudka;r fY%aÎhl n jk moh fidhhs'

• iudka;r fY%aÎhl n jk moh ^ nT & § we;s úg n ys w.h iQ;% Ndú;fhka

fidhhs'

• tÈfkod Ôú;fha Nd. Ndú; jk wjia:d ú.%y lrhs'

• BODMAS kS;sh o we;=<;a j" Nd. weiqßka tÈfkod Ôú;hg iïnkaO

ir, .eg¨ úi|hs'

• rdYs folla w;r iïnkaOh ú.%y lrñka m%;sf,dau iudkqmd;sl y÷kd

.kshs'

• m%;sf,dau iudkqmd; ms<sn| ±kqu Ndú;fhka jev yd ld,h wdY%s; ir,

.eg¨ úi|hs'

úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï m, igyka

100g wvq mQ¾K j¾.hla fkdjk

ixLHd muKs'

a yd d ksÅ, muKs'

jryk iu`. .Ks; l¾u 3la

we;=<;a m%ldYk muKs'



• jßmkï nÿ, ;Sre nÿ, wdodhï nÿ yd tl;= l< w.h u; noao hk

nÿ j¾. y÷kd .kshs'

• jßmkï nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• ;Sre nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• wdodhï nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• tl;= l< w.h u; nÿ wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• nÿ wdYs%; .eg¨ úi|hs'

• uq,a uqo,;a ld,h;a fmd,S wkqmd;slh;a ie,ls,a,g .ksñka .Kkhlrk fmd,ssh, iq¿ fmd,ssh f,i y÷kd .kshs'

• hï uqo,la i|yd tlu fmd,S wkqmd;slh hgf;a iudk ld, mrdihka;=< § ,efnk fmd,sh iudk nj y÷kd.kshs'

• uqo,la i|yd § we;s ld,hg yd fmd,S wkqmd;slhg wkqj fmd,sh.Kkh lrhs'

• wjYH f;dr;=re § we;s úg fmd,ssh fyda fmd,SS wkqmd;slh fyda ld,hfyda uqo, fyda fiùfï .eg¨ úi|hs'

• ixLHdjla o¾Yl wdldrfhka oS we;s úg tu ixLHdfõ ,>q.Klh,mdoh weiqfrka úia;r lrhs'

• o¾Yl wdldrfha m%ldYkhla ,>q.Kl wdldrhg fyda ,>q.Klwdldrfha m%ldYkhla o¾Yl wdldrhg fyda mßj¾;kh lrhs'

• nÿ j¾. ^;Sre nÿ" wdodhï

nÿ" jßmkï nÿ yd tl;=

l, w.h u; noao&

• ye¢kaùu

• .Kkh lsÍï

• iq`M fmd,sh

• fmd,S wkqmd;slh

• jd¾Isl$udisl

• fmd,S .Kkh

• o¾Yl yd ,>q.Kl w;r

iïnkaOh

• ,>q.Kl n, mßj¾;kh


nÿ m%;sY;h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jk

mßÈ jQ o ms<s;=r ixLHd;aul w.hlajk mßÈ jQ o .Kkh lsÍï muKlawe;=,;a h'^ùcSh mo fyda m%ldYk Ndú; jk

.eg¨ wfmalaId fkdflf¾'&

fmd,S m%;sY;h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jk

mßÈ jQ o ms<s;=r ixLHd;aul w.hlajk mßÈ jQ o .Kkh lsÍï muKlawe;=,;a h'

^ùcSh mo fyda m%ldYk Ndú;d jk




• mohla yd Bg fmr moh w;r wkqmd;h ksh; jQ ixLHd wkql%u .=fKda;a;rfY%AVs f,i y÷kd .kshs'

• a yd r ys w.h ksÅ, jk mßÈ jQ .=fKda;a;r fY%AVshl fmdÿ wkqmd;h (r)fidhhs'

• a yd r ys w.h ksÅ, jk mßÈ jQ .=fKda;a;r fY%AVshl n jk moh (Tn)

fidhhs'

• je,afmd,S l%uh y÷kd .kshs'

• je,afmd,sh wdY%s; .Kkh lsÍï isÿ lrhs'

• fldgia wdfhdackfha § nyq;r wdfhdaclhska ixLHdjla jHdmdrhgiïnkaO lr.; yels nj ms<s.kshs'

• iSudiys; iud.ï m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr.kqfha f l d g i a k s l = ; alsÍfuka nj ms<s.kshs'

• fldgia fj<| fmdf,ys .Kqfokqùfï §" iud.ul fldgia i|ydmj;sk ñ," fldgil fj<| fmd, ñ, f,i kï lrhs'

• fldgil fj<| fmd, ñ, fldgia .Kkska .=K lsÍfuka fldgiaj,jákdlu ^wdfhdackh l< uqo,& ,efnk nj m%ldY lrhs'

• .=fKda;a;r fY%aÎ

• ye|skaùu

• n jk moh

• je,afmd,sh

• je,afmd,sh .Kkh

^jdr folla f;la&

• iSudiys; iud.ï

• fldgia


wjidk ms,s;=r o¾Yl wdldrfhka

;sîu m%udKj;a h'

fmd,S m%;sY;h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jk

mßÈ jQ jdr folla f;la jQ .KkhlsÍï muKs'^ùcSh mo fyda m%ldYk Ndú;d jk




• wdfhdackh l< yels uqo, ^fldgiaj, jákdlu& fldgil fjf<|fmd, ñf,ka fn§fuka ñ, § .;yels fldgia .Kk ,efnk nj m%ldYlrhs'

• fldgilg hï ld,iSudjla i|yd f.jk ,dNdxYh" fldgia .Kkska.=K lsÍfuka wdfhdaclhdg ,efnk ,dNdxY wdodhu .Kkh lrhs'

• wdfhdackh l< uqo, ^fldgiaj, jákdlu&" fldgil fj<| fmd,ñ," m%d.aOk ,dNh yd fldgil ,dNdxYh we;=<;a .eg¨ úi|hs'

• flakaøsl LKavj, mßñ;sh fidhhs'

• flakaøsl LKav we;=<;a ixhqla; ;, rEmj, mßñ;sh wdY%s; .eg¨ úi|hs'

• mßñ;sh

• flakaøsl LKav


• ñkqï mQ¾K ixLHdjla jk mrsos jQ

iup;=ri%h" RcqfldaKdi%h"

RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaKh" ;%mSishu

hk ;, rEm w;=rska Wmrsu

jYfhka ;, rEm 2la yd flakaøsl

LKav 1la muKla we;=,;a ixhqla;

;, rEmj, mßñ;sh muKs'

• flakaø fldaKh 450, 900 fyda

1800 jQo wrh 7 ys .=Kdlrhla jQ o

flakaøsl LKavj, mßñ;sh muKs'



• j¾.M,h

• flakaøsl LKav

• flakaøsl LKavj, j¾.M,h fidhhs'

• flakaøsl LKav we;=<;a ixhqla; ;, rEmj, j¾.M,h wdY%s; .eg¨

úi|hs'


• pdm È. yd mßñ;sh § we;s úg wrh fiùu iy wrh yd mßñ;sh § we;súg pdm È. fiùu muKs'

• flakaø fldaKh 450, 900 fyda

1800 jQo wrh 7 ys .=Kdlrhla jQ

o flakaøsl LKavj, j¾.M,h

muKs'

• ñkqï mQ¾K ixLHdjla jk mrsosjQ iup;=ri%h" RcqfldaKdi%h"RcqfldaKS ;%sflaKh" ;%mSishuhk ;, rEm w;=rska WmrsujYfhka ;, rEm 2l a ydflakaøsl LKav 1la muKlawe;=,;a ixhqla; ;, rEmj,j¾.M,h muKs'

^flakaøsl LKavfha j¾.M,h §we;s úg" wrh fyda flakaøfld aKh fiùu wfm al aId

fkdflf¾'&



• 22 2A r rh iQ;%h Ndú;fhka r ys w.h mQ¾K ixLHdjla yd 7ys

.=Kdldrhla jk mßÈ jQ o hys w.h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jQ o Rcq jD;a;

is,skavrhl mDIaG j¾.M,h .Kkh lrhs'

• Rcq jD;a; is,skavrhl mDIaG j¾.M,h § we;s úg hys w.h fidhhs'

• ;%sfldaKdldr yrialvla iys; Rcq m%siauhl uqyqK;aj, yev y÷kd .kshs'

• 2V r h iQ;%h Ndú;fhka jD;a; is,skavrhl mßudj .Kkh lrhs'

• Rcq jD;a; is,skavrhl Vys w.h § we;s úg hys w.h fidhhs'

• Rcq jD;a; is,skavrhl Vys w.h § we;s úg rys w.h fidhhs'

• mDIaG j¾.M,h

• is,skavrh ^>k&

• mDIaG j¾.M,h • ;%sfldaKdldr yrialvla

iys; Rcq m%siauh

• mßudj

• is,skavrh


• r ys w.h 7ys .=Kdldrhla jQ o hys w.h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jkmßÈ jQ o >k Rcq jD;a; is,skavrmuKS'

• Ays w.h mQ¾K ixLHdjlao r ysw.h 7ys .=Kdldrhla jQ o hysmQ¾K ixLHd;aul w.hka jQ o

>k Rcq jD; a; i s, sk avrmuKs'

(mDI aG j¾.M,h fiùu

wfmalaId fkdflf¾')

• r ys w.h 7ys .=Kdldrhla jkmßÈ j Q o hys w.h m Q¾KixLHdjla j Q o Rcq jD; a;is,skavr muKS'

• r ys w.h 7ys .=Kdldrhla jkmßÈ j Q o Vys w.h m Q¾KixLHdjla jQ o Rcq jD;a;is,skavr muKs'

• hys w.h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jQ oVys w.h mQ¾K ixLHdjla jkmßÈ jQ o Rcq jD;a; is,skavrmuKs' ( r ys w.h mQ¾K j¾.hla

jk mßÈ úh hq;=hs' )



• yrialv ;%sfldaKhla jQ Rcq m%siauhl mßudj .Kkh lrhs'

• ld,h wkqnoaOfhka ÿr fjkiaùfï iS>%;dj fõ.h f,i y÷kd .kshs'

• ÿr" ld,h yd fõ.h w;r iïnkaOh ,shhs'

• ÿr yd ld,h we;=<;a f;dr;=re m%ia;drhl ksrEmKh lrhs'

• ÿr-ld, m%ia;drhl wkql%uKh u`.ska fõ.h ,efnk nj y÷kd .kshs'

• ÿr" ld,h yd fõ.h iïnkaO .eg¨ úi|hs'

• mßudj yd ld,h iïnkaO ir, .eg¨ úi|hs'

• wjfrdayK fldaKh y÷kd .kshs'• wdfrdayK fldaKh y÷kd .kshs'• wjfrdayK fldaKh yd wdfrdayK fldaKh weiqßka jia;=jl msysàu úia;r

lrhs'

• RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaKhl hï fldaKhl ihska wkqmd;h " tys iïuqL mdofhaÈ. yd l¾Kfha È. w;r wkqmd;fhka ,ndfok nj wkdjrKh lr .kshs'

• RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaKhl hï fldaKhl fldaihsk wkqmd;h" tys noaO mdofhaÈ. yd l¾Kfha È. w;r wkqmd;fhka ,nd fok nj wkdjrKh lr.kshs'

• mßudj

• ;%sfldaKdldr yrialvla

iys; Rcq m%siauh

• ÿr yd ld,h

• ÿr-ld, m%ia;drhl

ksrEmKh ^taldldr fõ.h

we;s wjia:d&

• m%ia;drfhys wkql%uKh =

ld,h

ÿr = fõ.h

• mßudj yd ld,h

• wdfrdayK fldaKh yd

wjfrdayK fldaKh

• ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd;

• ihskh

• fldaihskh

• gexckh


• yrialv j¾.M,h fok ,o Rcqm%siau muKs' ^mßudj § we;sjg"yrialv j¾.M,h fyda m%siaufhaWi fiùu wfmalaId fkdflf¾'&

• tall m¾j¾;k we;=,;a fkdjkwjika ms<s;=r mQ¾K ixLHd;auljk mßÈ jQ .eg¨ muKs'

• ÿr

fõ.h ld,h

ys rdYs folla §

we;s wjia:d muKs'

iS>%;dj mßudj

ld,h ys rdYs folla §

we;s" k, ;=,ska øj .,d hk wjia:dmuKs'

• fok ,o rEm igykla weiqßkamsysàu fiùu wdY%s; .eg¨ we;=,;a h'

^mßudK rEm we| Su wfm al aIdfkdflf¾'&

• RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaKhl ´kEu mdofoll È. § we;súg" ;%sfldaKñ;slwkqmd; fiùu wdY % s; .eg¨wka;¾.;h'



• idOl fiùu

• 2ax bx c wdldrh

• ùÔh m%ldYkj, l=vdu fmdÿ

.=Kdldrh ̂ mo ;=klg fkdjeä

w{d; follg yd o¾Ylh

follg fkdjeä&

• ùÔh Nd.

• tl;= lsÍu

• wvq lsÍu

• ùÔh Nd. iys; talc iólrK

• úi£u

• RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaKhl hï fldaKhl gexck wkqmd;h" tys iïuqLmdofha È. yd noaO mdofha È. w;r wkqmd;fhka ,nd fok nj wkdjrKhlr .kshs'

• 2ax bx c wdldrfha m%ldYkj, idOl fidhhs'

• ùÔh mo lsysmhlska fnÈh yels l=vdu ùÔh moh tu ùÔh moj, l=vdu

fmdÿ .=Kdldrh nj y÷kd .kshs'

• fokq ,nk ùÔh mo lsysmhl l=vdu fmdÿ .=Kdldrh fidhhs'

• ùÔh Nd. tl;= lsÍfï § fyda wvq lsÍfï § ;=,H Nd.j, wjYH;dj

y|qkd.kshs'

• ùÔh mo we;=<;a iïnkaê; yr iys; ùÔh Nd. tl;= lr iq`M lrhs'

• ùÔh mo we;=<;a iïnkaê; yr iys; ùÔh Nd. wvq lr iq`M lrhs'

• ùÔh mo we;=<;a iïnkaê; yr iys; ùÔh Nd. iq`M lrhs'

• ùÔh Nd. iys; ir, iólrK úi£fï § ùÔh Nd. iq`M lsÍfï l%ufõo

fhdod .; yels nj y÷kd .kshss'

• yrfha ùÔh mo we;=<;a ùÔh Nd. iys; ir, iólrK úi|hs'


• ;%sfldaKñ;sl wkqmd;hla yd tuwkqmd;hg wod< mdo foflkatll È. § we;súg" wfkla mdofhaÈ. fiùu wdY%s; .eg`M wka;¾.; h'

• 20 5, 4 a b ac mQ¾K

j¾.hla jk yd , ,a b c z jk

mßÈ fõ'

• 2 , 2 ,3x xy y jeks wdldrfha mo

;=klg fkdjeä w{d; follgyd o¾Ylh follg fkdjeä mowe;=,;a wjia:d muKs'

• yrj, tlu w{d;h yd o¾Ylh follg fkdjeä yrh iudk fkdjQ ùcSh Nd. ;=klg fkdjeä wjia:d muKs' ^yrfha ùcSh m%ldYk we;=,;a fldflf¾'&

• yrj, tlu w{d;h yd yrhiudk fkdjQ ùcSh Nd. follawe;=,;a wjia:d f;la we;=,;a h'^yrfha ùcSh m%ldYk we;=,;a.eg¨ wfmalaId fkdflf¾'&




• tlsfklg fjkia jQ ix.=Kl iys; iu.dó iólrK úi|hs'

• j¾.c iólrKhg wod< j¾.c m%ldYkh idOlj,g fjka lrhs'

• m%ldYk foll .=Ks;h Y+kH ùug wju jYfhka tla m%ldYkhla fyda

Y+kHh úh hq;= nj y\qkd .kshs'

• idOl Ndú;fhka j¾.c iólrK úi|hs'

• y mx c wdldrfha ir, f¾Ldjla u; msysá ,laIH foll LKavdxl §

we;s úg tys wkql%uKh .Kkh lrhs'

• y mx c wdldrfha ir, f¾Ldjl m%ia;drh § we;súg tys wKql%uKh

.Kkh lrhs'

• ir, f¾Ldjl wKql%uKh yd wka;#LKavh weiqßka úp,H fol w;r

iïnkaO;dj fidhhs'

• ùÔh mo we;=<;a ùÔh Nd. .=K lrhs'

• ùÔh Nd.hl mriamrh fidhhs'

• ùÔh mo we;=<;a ùÔh Nd. fnohs'

• iu.dó iólrK

• úi£u

• j¾.c iólrK úi£u

• idOl Ndú;fhka

• y mx c wdldrfha ir,

f¾Ldjl wkql %uKh yd

wka;#LKavh .Kkh lsÍu

^LKavdxl weiqßka&

• ùÔh Nd.

• .=K lsÍu

• fn§u

• w{d; folla iy m Q¾KixLHd; aul ix. =Kl iy s;ix.=Kl iudk fkdjQ yd úi÷ïmQ¾K ixLHd;aul w.hhka jkmßÈ jQ .eg¨ muKs'

• 2 0,ax bx c

20 5, 4 a b ac mQ¾K

j¾.hla jk mßÈ jQ wjia:d muKs'

• m<uq jD;a; mdolh ;=< fyda tyswlaI u; msysá mQ¾K ixLHd;aulLKavdxl iys; ,laIH folla §we;s wjia:d muKs'

• m<uq jD;a; mdolh ;=< msysáf¾Ld fldgi we| ;sìh hq;=h'

^uQ, ,laIH yryd .uka lrkwjia:d o we;=<;a h"&

• yrfhys fyd a ,jfhys fyd a,jfhys yd yrfhys w{d; 2lawvx.= ùcSh Nd. muKs'




• ; ; ;ax b c ax b c ax b c ax b c ,

; ;ax b cx d ax b cx d ; ax b cx d ax b cx d

wiudk;dj, ksÅ,uh úi÷ï l=,lh fidhhs'



wiudk;dj, ksÅ,uh úi÷ï l=,lh" ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKhlrhs'



wiudk;dj, úi÷ï m%dka;r fidhhs'



wiudk;dj, úi÷ï m%dka;r" ixLHd f¾Ldjla u; ksrEmKh lrhs'

• fma<s yd ;Sr weiqfrka f;dr;=re bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%uhla f,i kHdiy÷kd .kshs'

• kHdihl fma<s .Kk yd ;Sr .Kk u.ska tys .Kh olajk nj y÷kd.kshs'

• fma<s kHdi" ;Sr kHdi" iup;=ri% kHdi" tall kHdi iy iuñ;skHdi y÷kd .kshs'

• kHdi folla tl;= lsÍfï § yd wvq lsÍfï § tajdfha .Kh iudk úh

hq;= nj m%dfhda.sl wjia:d weiqßka úia;r lrhs'

• wiudk;d

• úi£u yd úi÷ï ixLHd

f¾Ldjl ksrEmKh

• ax b c wdldrh

• ax b cx d wdldrh

( , , , )a b c d z

• kHdi

• ye¢kaùu ^3 3 olajd&

0 , , ,a a b c d z yd jQ

wjia:d muKs'

• kHdi .=K lsÍfï § wjhjksÅ,uh jQ wjia:d muKs'

><><




• fma<s kHdi folla tl;= lrhs¦ wvq lrhs'

• ;Sr kHdi folla tl;= lrhs¦ wvq lrhs'

• .Kh 3 3 f;la jQ kHdi folla tl;= lrhs¦ wvqlrhs'

• .Kh 3 3 f;la jQ kHdihla ksÅ,hlska .=K lrhs'

• tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" ksÅ,hlska .=K lsÍu hk .Ks; l¾u fhdod

.ksñka kHdi we;=,;a m%ldYk iqM lr olajhs'

• kHdi folla .=K lsÍu i|yd m<uq kHdifha ;Sr .Kk fojk

kHdifha fma<s .Kkg iudk úh hq;= nj y÷kd .kshs'

• .Kh 2 2 f;la jQ kHdi folla .=K lrhs'

• ;%sfldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK ;=fkys ftlHh 1800la fõ hk m%fïhh

Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• ;%sfldaKhl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh tys wNHka;r

iïuqL fldaK foflys ftlHhg iudk fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka

.Kkh lsÍï lrhs'

• tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu

^3 3 olajd&

• ksÅ,hlska .=K lsÍu

^3 3 olajd&

• ksÅ,hlska .=K lsÍu

^ 2 2 olajd&

• ;%sfldaKhl wNHka;r fldaK

1800la fõ hk m%fïhh wdY%s;

.Kkh lsÍï'

• ;% sfld aKhl mdohl a Èl al sÍfuka iEfok ndy srfldaKh tys wNHka;r iïuqLfld aK foflys ftlHhgiudk fõ hk m%fïhh wdY%s;.Kkh lsÍï

• my< fY%aKsj,§ W.;a cHdñ;slixl,am o 10 fyda 11 fY%aKsfha§W.;a úIh lreKq wdY%s; .KkhlsÍï i|yd fhdod .; yels h'^wkqfïhhka idOkh wfmalaIdfkdflf¾'&




• tlsfklg iumd;jk ;,rEm folla wx.iu rEm f,i y÷kd .kshs'

• wx.iu ;,rEmj, ,laIK y÷kd .kshs'

• ;%sfldaK 2la wx.iu ùu i|yd wksjd¾h yd m%udKj;a wjYH;d we;=<;a

wjia:d f,i md' flda' md'" flda' flda' md'" md' md' md' iy l¾K md' wjia:d

y÷kd .kshs'

• ;%sfldaKhl mdo folla iudk fõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqL fldaK o iudk

fõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'


fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'


fõ hk m%fïhfhys úf,dauh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudk fõ; tla tla

úl¾Kh u`.ska iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs hk m%fïhh

y÷kd .kshs'

• iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdo iudk fõ; iïuqL fldaK iudk fõ; tla tla

úl¾Kh u`.ska iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,h iuÉfþokh lrhs hk m%fïhh

Ndú;fhka ir, .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• wx.iduHh

• ;%sfldaK folla wx.iu

ùfï wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu• md' flda' md• flda' flda' md• md' md' md'• l¾K md'

• iu oaúmdo ;%sfldaK

• ;%sfldaKhl mdo folla

iudkfõ kï tu mdoj,g

iïuqL fldaK o iudk fõ hk

m%fïhh wdY%s; .Kkh lsÍï

• ;%sfldaKhl mdo folla iudkfõ kï tu mdoj,g iïuqLfldaK o iudk fõ hkm%fïhfha úf,dauh wdY%s;

.Kk lsÍï

• .=K

• iudka;rdi%hl iïuqL mdoi udk f õ; iïuqL fldaKiudkfõ; tla tla úl¾Khu`.ska iudka;rdi%fha j¾.M,hiuÉfþokh lrhs hk

m%fïhh wdY%s; .Kkh lsÍï




• jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u; wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh u`.skajD;a;fha b;sß fldgi u; wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka fo.=Khlafõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'

• jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u; wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tu pdmh u`.ska

jD;a;fha b;sßa fldgi u; wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh fuka fo.=Khla

fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg ,ïnfõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'

• jD;a;hl cHdhl uOH ,laIHh flakaøhg hd lrk f¾Ldj cHdhg ,ïnfõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï lrhs'

• jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg cHdhlg w¢k ,o ,ïnfhka cHdh iuÉfþokhfõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'

• jD;a;hl flakaøfha isg cHdhlg w¢k ,o ,ïnfhka cHdh iuÉfþokhfõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï lrhs'

• jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaK iudk fõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'• jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaK iudkfõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• fldaK • jD;a; pdmhlska flakaøh u;

wdmd;kh lrk fldaKh" tupdmh u`.ska jD;a;fha b;sßfldgi u; wdmd;kh lrkfldaKh fuka fo.=Khla fõhk m%fïhh wdY% s; .Kkh

lsÍï

• cHd • jD; a;hl cHdhl uOH

,laIHh flakaøhg hd lrkf¾Ldj cHdhg ,ïn fõ hkm%fïhh wdY%s; .Kkh lsÍï

• jD; a;hl fl ak aøfh a i sgcHdhlg w¢k ,o ,ïnfhkacHdh iuÉfþokh fõ hkm%fïhh wdY%s; .Kkh lsÍï

• jD;a;hl tlu LKavfha fldaKiudk fõ hk m%fïhh wdY%s;.Kkh lsÍï




• w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKh RcqfldaKhla fõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'

• w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKh RcqfldaKhla fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka.Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• wp, ,laIHhlg ksh; ÿßka p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h ljlgqj ydir, odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrhs'

• wp, ,laIH follg iuÿßka p,kh jk ,laIHl m:h ljlgqj yd ir,odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrhs'

• ir, f¾Ldjlg ksh; ÿßka p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:h ljlgqj yd ir,odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrhs'

• fþokh jk ir, f¾Ld follg iu ÿßka p,kh jk ,laIHhl m:hljlgqj yd ir, odrh Ndú;fhka ks¾udKh lrhs'

• uQ,sl m: ms<sn| ±kqu fhdod .ksñka cHdñ;sl msysgqï ,nd .kshs'

• RcqfldaKS ;%sfldaKhl l¾Kh iy RcqfldaKfha wvx.= mdo fjk fjk ukï lrhs'

• mhs;.ria m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'• mhs;.ria m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• w¾O jD;a;hl msysá fldaKhRcqfldaKhla fõ hk m%fïhh

wdY%s; .Kkh lsÍï

• ir, odrh yd ljlgqj

Ndú;fhka

• uq,sl m: y;r ks¾udKh

• mhs;.ria m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï

• Wmßu jYfhka m: folla,efnk wdjia:dj, § tla m:hla§" wfkla m:h weiqßka cHdñ;slmsysgqï ,nd .ekSu wfmalaIdflf¾'

• mhs;.ria ;%s;aj muKla we;=,;a.eg¨ wfmalaId flf¾'



• ;%sfldaKhl mdo foll uOH ,CIH hd lrk f¾Ldjiy b;sß mdoh fjkfjk u kï lrhs'

• uOH ,CIH m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'• uOH ,CIH m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• uOH ,CIH m %fïhfha úf,dauh y÷kd .kshs'

• uOH ,CIH m%fïhfha úf,dauh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍïj, fhfohs'

• jD;a; p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK hq., ,shd olajhs'• jD;a; p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK mßmQrl fõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs• jD;a; p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK mßmQrl fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka

.Kkh lsÍï lrhs'

• jD;a; p;=ri%hl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh iy BgwNHka;r iïuqL fldaK y÷kd .kshs'

• jD;a; p;=ri%hl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh wNHka;riïuqL fldaKhg iudk fõ hk m%fïhh y÷kd .kshs'

• jD;a; p;=ri%hl mdohla Èla lsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKh wNHka;riïuqL fldaKhg iudk fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï lrhs'

• ika;;sl o;a; iy úúla; o;a; y÷kd .kshss'

• mka;s m%dka;rhl uOH w.h y÷kd .kshs'

• mka;s m%dka;rhl uOH w.h fidhhs'


• uOH ,CIHh m%fïhh Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï

• uOH ,CIHh m%fïhfha úf,dauh Ndú;fhka .Kkh

lsÍï

• jD;a; p;=ri% • jD;a; p;=ri%hl iïuqL fldaK

mßmQrl fõ hk m%fïhh Ndú;h

• jD;a; p;=ri%hl mdohla ÈlalsÍfuka iEfok ndysr fldaKhwNHka;r iïuqL fldaKhgiudk fõ hk m %fïhh

Ndú;fhka .Kkh lsÍï '

• o;a; j¾. • ika;;sl • úúla;

• iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;sh • uOH w.h

• mka;s m%dka;rhl udhsï foflystl;=j 100g wvq jQ o uOH w.hmQ¾K ixLHdjla jk mßÈ jQ omka;s m%dka;r muKs'

• my< fY%aKsj,§ W.;a cHdñ;slixl,am o 10 fyda 11 fY%aKsfha§W.;a úIh lreKq wdY%s; .KkhlsÍï i|yd fhdod .; yels h'^wkqfïhhka idOkh wfmalaIdfkdflf¾'&



• fok ,o o;a; iuqyhla jg m%ia;drhlska ksrEmKh lrhs'• f;dr;=re ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhs j ikaksfõokh i|yd jg m%ia;dr

fhdod .kshs'• jg m%ia;dr wdYs%; ir, .eg¨ úi|hs'

• fok ,o iuQys; o;a;j, uOHkHh, uOH w.h weiqfrka .Kkh lrhs'

• fok ,o iuQys; o;a;j, uOHkHh, Wml,ams; uOHkHh weiqfrka .Kkh

lrhs'

• fok ,o iuQys; o;a;j, uOHkHh fiùu i|yd jvd;a myiq l%uh

y÷kd .kshs'

• o;a; w¾:l:kh i|yd flakaøsl m%jK;d ñkqï w;=ßka uOHkHh .Kkh

lsÍfï jdis$wjdis m%ldY lrhs'

• ffoksl wjYH;d m%udKd;aulj ksudkh lr .ekSu i|yd uOHkHh

iïnkaO lr.; yels nj y÷kd .kshs'

• ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd uOHkHh Ndú;fhka mqfrdal:k isÿlrhs'

• ixLHd; jHdma;shl mka;s iSud yd mka;s udhsï y÷kd .kshs'• ixLHd; jHdma;shl mka;s iSud yd mka;s udhsï w;r fjki meyeÈ,s

lrhs'• ixLHd; jHdma;shl mka;s iSud yd mka;s udhsï fidhhs'• mka;s m%dka;r iudk ika;;sl o;a; we;+<;A ixLHd;

jHdma;shlg wod< f;dr;+re cd, f¾Lhlska ksrEmKh lrhs'

• cd, f¾Lfha tla tla ;Srfha j¾.M,h u.ska ixLHd;h (f) oelafjk njm%ldY lrhs'


• o;a; ksrEmKh • jg m%ia;dr

• o;a; w¾:l:kh

• iuQys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl uOHkHh • uOH w.h Ndú;fhka • Wml,ams; uOHkHh weiqfrka

• o;a; ksrEmKh• mka;s iSud iy mka;s

udhsï• cd, f¾Lh ^mka;s ;ru

iudk$wiudk&

• mka;s m%dka;rhl udhsï foflystl;=j 100g wvq jQ o uOH w.hmQ¾K ixLHdjla jk mßÈ jQ omka;s m%dka;r muKs'



• wiudk mka;s m%dka;r iys; ixLHd; jHdma;shl" wiudk mka;sm%dka;rhl ;ru tu ixLHd; jHdma;sfha l=vd u mka;s m%dka;rfha ;rufuka lS .=Khla o hkak u.ska ,nd .kshs'

• wiudk mka;s m%dka;r iys; ixLHd; jHdma;shlg wod< cd, f¾Lh

we£fï § mka;s m%dka;rhlg wod< cd, f¾Lfha Wi f

n u.ska ,nd .kshs

• wiudk mka;s m%dka;r iys; ika;;sl o;a; we;+<;A ixLHd; jHdma;shlgwod< f;dr;=re cd, f¾Lhlska ksrEmKh lrhs'

• úúla; o;a; we;=<;a ixLHd; jHdma;shl tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhg wod<

mka;s udhsï ms<sfh, lrhs'

• úúla; o;a; we;=<;a ixLHd; jHdma;shlg wod< f;dr;=re cd, f¾Lhla

u.ska ksrEmKh lrhs'

• cd, f¾Lh weiqßka ixLHd; nyqwi%h w¢hs'

• ixLHd; nyq wi%fha j¾.M,h" cd, f¾Lfha j¾.M,hg iudk nj ms<s.kshs

• mka;s m%dka;rj, uOH w.h yd tla tla mka;s m%dka;rhg

wkqrEm ixLHd;h Wmfhda.s lr.ksñka ixLHd; nyq wi%h w¢hs'


• o;a; ksrEmKh• ixLHd; nyqwi%h

wod< mka;sfha ;ru

l=vd mka;sfha ;ru= n

• wiudk mka;s m%dka;rj, §

f

n cd, f¾Lfha Wi" mQ¾K

ixLHdjla jk mßÈ jQ ixLHd;jHdma;s muKs'



• ixLHd; nyq wi%h we£fï § ixLHd; jHdma;sfha m<uqjk mka;s m%dka;rhg

fmr mka;s m%dka;rfha uOH w.hg yd wjika mka;s m%dka;rhg miq mka;s

m%dka;rfha uOH w.hg wfkla ;Srej, uqÿkays uOH ,CIH iïnkaO l<

miq ;sria wCIh;a iu`. nyq wi%h iïmq¾K jk nj m%ldY lrhs'

• ixLHd; jHdma;shl ixLHd; ;Srfha w.hhka by< isg my<g fyda my<

isg by<g tl;= lsÍfuka iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; ;Srh ,nd .kshs'

• tla tla mka;s m%dka;rfha by< udhsu yd tu mka;s m%dka;rhg wod<

iuqÉÑ; ixLHd;h fhdod .ksñka iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h w¢hs'

• ixLHd; jHdma;shla iudk fldgia y;rlg fnok w.hhka f,ip;=¾:l meyeÈ,s lrhs'

• wdfrdayK l%uhg ms<sfh, l< o;a; n we;s iuQyhl

1

n 14

jk ia:dkfha wh .Kk m<uqjk p;=¾:lh

^ 1 & f,i y÷kd .kshs'

• wdfrdayK l%uhg ms<sfh, l< o;a; n we;s iuQyhl

1

12

n jk ia:dkfha wh .Kk fojk p;=¾:lh 2 f,i y÷kd

.kshs'


• o;a; ksrEmKh• iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h

• o;a; w¾:l:kh

• p;=¾:l yd wka;Ya p;=¾:l

mrdih ye¢kaùu



• wdfrdayK l%uhg ms<sfh, l< o;a; n we;s iuQyhl3

( 1)4

n jk ia:dkfha wh .Kk ;=kajk p;=¾:lh ( )3 f,i y÷kd

.kshs'

• o;a; iuQyhl fojk p;=¾:lh 2 tu o;a; iuQyfha uOHia:hg

iudk nj fmkajd fohs'

• o;a; iuQyhl ;=kajk p;=¾:lh m<uqjk p;=¾:lh ( )3 1 wka;Ya

p;=¾:l mrdih f,i y÷kd .kshs'• o;a; iuQyhla wdfrdayK ms<sfj,g ilia l< úg my< 25] iy by< 25]

bj;a l< úg ,efnk w.h mrdih" wka;Ya p;=¾:l mrdih f,iy÷kd .kshs'

• ixLHd;h n jk úg" 1

4n ia:dkhg wod< wh .Kk m<uq jk p;=¾:lh

^ 1 & f,i iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h weiqßka fidhhs'


2n ia:dkhg wod< wh .Kk fojk p;=¾:lh

( )2 f,i iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h weiqßka fidhhs'


4n ia:dkhg wod< wh .Kk ;=kajk p;=¾:lh

( )3 f,i iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jl%h weiqßka fidhhs'

• m<uqjk yd ;=kajk p;=¾:l fhdod.ksñka wka;Ya p;=¾:l mrdih .Kkhlrhs'

• ffoksl Ôú;fha .eg¨ úi£ug p;=¾:l yd wka;Ya p;=¾:l mrdihWmfhda.S lr .kshs'


• iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; pl%h

^wiuQys; yd iuqys; o;a;

i|yd&

• p;=¾:l

• wka;Ya p;=¾:l mrdih

• nys w.h" 4ys .=Kdldrhla

jk mßÈ úh hq;=hs'



• l=,l wxlk l%u y÷kd .kshs'

• l=,lhla" úia;r lsÍula f,i" wjhjj, tl;=jla f,i" fjka rEmhla

weiqßka yd l=,l ckk iajrEmfhka ,shd olajhs'• l=,l wxlk l%u Ndú; lrhs'

• Ayd B mßñ; l=,l folla úg ( )n A B hkak ( ), ( ), ( )n A n B n A B

weiqßka m%ldY lrhs'• mßñ; l=,l folla fjka rEm igyklska ksrEmKh lrhs'• fok ,o l=,l l¾uj,g wod< j fjka rEmhl m%foaY ,l=Kq lrhs'• l=,l l¾uj,g wod< f;dr;=re we;=<;a fjka rEmhl m%foaY jpkfhka

úia;r lrhs'• fjka rEm igyk weiqrska l=,l folla wdYs%; .Kkh lsÍï lrhs'

• mßñ; l=,l folla wdYs%; .eg¨ ( ) ( ) (A )=n A B n A n B n B

iQ;%h Ndú;fhka úi|hs'

• ir, isoaê yd ixhqla; isoaê fjka fldg y÷kd .kshs'

• A hkq S ksheÈ wjldYfhys jQ iufia NjH isoaêhla jk úg A isÿùfï

iïNdú;dj

( )n A

P An S

nj m%ldY lrhs'

• ixhqla; isoaêhl iïNdú;dj m%ldY lrhs'


• l=,l wxlkh • úiaa;r lsÍula f,i

• wjhjj, tl;=jla f,i• fjka rEmhla weiqßka

• l=,l ckk iajrEmfhka

• l=,l wdYs%; .eg¨ úi£u

• fjka rEm igyka weiqfrka

mrsñ; l=,l folla i|yd

iQ;%h Ndú;h

( )

(A) (B) (A B)

n A B

n n n

• isoaê

• ir,

• ixhqla;

• tla l=,l wxlk l%uhlska §"fjk;a l=,l wxlk l%uhlska±laùu wfmalaId flf¾'

• l=,l 2la wdY%s; .eg¨ muKs'



• iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl

^iajdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a&

ksheÈ wjldYh

• fldgq oe,l ksrEmKh

• rela igyklska ksrEmKh

• fldgq oe, fyda rela igyk

fyda weiqßka iajdh;a; isoaê

we;=<;a .eg¨ úi£u

• iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl

^mrdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a&

ksheÈ wjldYh

• fldgq ±,l ksrEmKh

• rela igykl ksrEmKh

• fldgq ±, fyda rela igyk

fyda weiqßka mrdh;a; isoaê

we;=,;a .eg¨ úi|Su'

• iajdh;a; isoaê i|yd kso¾Yl imhhs'

• iajdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl ksheÈ wjldYh fldgq oe,l

ksrEmKh lrhs'

• wjia:d follska hq;a iajdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a ls%hdj,shl ish¨ iu fia NjH

m%;sM, rela igykl ksrEmKh lrhs'

• fldgq oe, yd rela igyk weiqßka iajdh;a; isoaê we;=,;a .Kkh lsÍï

lrhs'

• mrdh;a; isoaêhl iajNdjh úia;r lrhs'

• mrdh;a; isoaê i|yd kso¾Yl imhhs'

• mrdh;a; isoaê yd iajdhka; isoaê fjkafldg y÷kd .kshs'

• mrdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl ksheÈ wjldYh fldgq±,l

ksrEmKh lrhs'

• mrdh;a; isoaê we;=<;a iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl ksheÈ wjldYhg wod<

fldgq ±, wiqßka fok ,o isoaêhlg wod< iïNdú;dj ,shd olajhs'

• wjia:d follska hq;a mrdhka; isoaê we;=<;a iiïNdù mÍlaIKhl § úh

yels ish¨ isÿùï rela igykla u`.ska olajhs'

• fldgq ±, yd rela igyk weiqßka mrdh;a; isoaê we;=,;a .Kkh lsÍï

lrhs'


• wjia:d 2lg fkdjeä l%shdj,s

muKs'

w;hjyh bf.kqï ixl,am .k;sh - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/other/sgr10om elc.pdf · 3' w;hjyh bf.kqï...

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